Health diseases have become a rapidly growing epidemic in...

Health diseases have become a rapidly growing epidemic in today’s society. Most people have begun to live a healthier life and avoid eating foods that are â€Å"bad† for them. Others are still naà ¯ve to the health risks fast food causes. But exactly what caused these diseases to become an epidemic? Weight problems have been on the rise since the early 1900’s. Today, Americans are fatter than medical science says we should be, and weights are still increasing. While many other countries have experienced increases in obesity, no other developed country is quite as big as the United States. In the mid-1900’s, most of the food preparation was done by families who cooked their own meals. Now there is a mass production of food preparations so†¦show more content†¦High fructose corn syrup, HFCS, was first developed in the 1970’s. HFCS mixtures were tested on rats and the livers of the surviving rats looked like the livers of alcoholics, full o f fat and scar tissue. Most of us consume more HFCS than regular sugar and we eat it all the time but do not realize it. So why does the food industry use so much HFCS? It is cheaper to make and ship around than regular sugar and they make a higher profit by not spending as much. Also HFCS helped provide a market for corn growers after the corn-oil margarine declined. Obesity opens the door to a long list of killers, including heart disease, cardiovascular problems, strokes, diabetes and respiratory problems. â€Å"Over the past three decades, childhood obesity rates in America have tripled, and today, nearly one in three children in America are overweight or obese. The numbers are even higher in African American and Hispanic communities, where nearly 40% of the children are overweight or obese† states the Lets Move website. â€Å"Meals were home-cooked with reasonable portion sizes and there was always a vegetable on the plate. Eating fast food was rare and snacking betwee n meals was an occasional treat† (Move). Let’s Move! is an initiative, launched by the First Lady to help solve the challenge of childhood obesity within a generation. Childhood obesity is one of the leading reasons why society was brought to the attention of a healthier lifestyle. Many Americans arent very physicallyShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity : A Growing Epidemic Across The World Essay1824 Words   |  8 PagesChildhood obesity is a growing epidemic across the world, and has become a rapidly increasing problem in the US. In the past thirty years, the obesity rate for children aged 12-19 has quadrupled, and it has doubled in children aged 6-11 (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2015). When compared to the lifestyle of an average 13 year old thirty years ago, today’s lifestyle is one that seems to stack the cards against them. 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Role Of Project Management On Restaurant Development

The Role of Project Management in Restaurant Development Opening a restaurant is not a simple process. There are various checklists that needs to be gathered first. Once all the checklists are available, selection process will begin. At that period various options needs to be eliminated and potential options should be kept. Project management plays an important role to ensure the available options are implemented within a budget and estimated timeframe. According to Fabris (2014), space design, vendor selection, managing the construction process and selection of location are just a few time consuming responsibilities a project must tackle. Managers and owners of the restaurant may have strengths in operations management. Also, their skills are very handy when it comes to concept development. However, there are few areas managers lack their core competencies. In order to develop a new restaurant, expertise in facility design and construction has a big role. The first and indispensable step is to establish an optimal restaurant construction schedule. Creation of work breakdown schedule (WBS) is one of the most important phase to establish efficient construction schedule. The budget estimate and number of personnel required to complete certain tasks (number of plumbers, electrician, alarm installers etc.) can be analyzed through WBS. Biffi (2008) suggest that, â€Å"the creation of WBS have helped to better define the scope of a rehabilitation project as well as track theShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Restaurant General Manager801 Words   |  4 PagesCore Role Profile Restaurant General Manager Overview The Restaurant General Manager (GM) is responsible for growing restaurant guest counts, sales profitably and for making sure the restaurant meets McDonald’s critical Guest standards of Quality, Service, and Cleanliness and role models best in class Guest Experience behaviours. The GM works with his/her reporting manager to set the restaurant’s targets with a growth mindset and create a plan to achieve the targets. The GM doesn’t work alone toRead MoreCase Study : The New  ¬ Golden Dragon1265 Words   |  6 PagesManchester, free of charge. Next door is the old Yang Sing Restaurant in mutual business partnership with the hotel. This report will consist of the recommended sections a project plan should possess. 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Even McDonald has built in America but in recently, to describe McDonald’s restaurant, it is one of the biggest fast food restaurants in the world. Today, McDonald has cover more than 100 countries, more than 30,000 restaurants and serves more than 50 million worldwide in one day. McDonald use letter M with goldenRead MoreTamadun Islam1657 Words   |  7 Pagesby sales, with about 32,000 restaurants serving burgers and fries in about 120 countries. (There are nearly 14,000 Golden Arches locations in the US.) The popular chain is well-known for its Big Macs, Quarter Pounders, and Chicken McNuggets. Most of its outlets are free-standing units, but McDonalds also has many units located in airports and retail areas. PRODUCTS McDonalds is proud to offer a wide variety of high-quality, great tasting menu options. 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The presence of triple constraint will impact the project process. The relationship between the project scope, cost, and time will determine what changes will be implemented. These factors also impact the quality of the project and the knowledge of this will aid in the decision making process. The initial planning process of a construction project will be examined. A statement of need, goals and objectives, the stakeholders and project requirements

International Nurses in Canada free essay sample

International Nurses in Canada Nurses play vital role in the person’s life. Nurses take care of health of all age group of Canadians and make the nation very healthy and wealthy. Nursing, as a career to both men and women offer varieties of opportunities for professional development and the personal satisfaction by helping people, when they really seek caring hand. Duties and Responsibilities of a Nurse in Ontario, Canada In Canada duties and responsibilities of nurses are well defined and listed with the emphasis on good ethics. The main duties of the Registered Nurses are as follows.Nurses assess patients to identify appropriate nursing interventions and provide medications and treatments according to policies and protocols . They collaborate with team members to plan, implement and evaluate patient care in consultation with patients and their relatives. They educate the patients and implement the institute policies for discharging patients. They assist surgeons, physicians in medical procedure or surgery and successfully monitor and operate medical equipments and supervise subordinates staff. (1. Employment Ontario). They maintain stock of supplies; prepare rooms, sterile instruments and equipments.They perform routine laboratory and office work. (2. Compassionate nursing care). In Ontario, there are two major groups in nursing profession. 1. Registered Nurse, 2. Registered Practical Nurse. The important differences between these two nursing professions are education and practice. RN requires studying a four year Bachelor of Nursing degree course and RPN requires studying, diploma program of four semesters. (3. RNAO). Working area of a nurse trained in Ontario, Canada A nurse trained in Canada can work in nearly 120 countries in the world. This is due to the Global nursing connections of Canadian Nursing Association with ICN (International Council Of Nursing). ICN is a federation of national nurses’ associations, representing nurses in more than 120 countries. CNA has very good leadership, which has represented ICN at various senior level for pretty long period. (4. CNA). Duties of a nurse in a Third World Country (ZAMBIA) Zambia is a member of International Council of Nurses (ICN) and nursing profession is regulated by the Nurses and Midwives Act No. 31 of 1997. Unfortunately, Zambia is among the 57 countries identified by WHO as experiencing critical shortage nurses and doctors as they are changing their profession or migrating to other counties. (5-ZUNO, 2008). Nurses in Zambia are working in highly unsafe and poor occupational conditions. In Zambia HIV/AIDS and other diseases such as tuberculosis and malaria are predominant. Due to the shortage of nursing staff, there is an overload of work on existing nurses. They work with inadequate protective clothing and instruments. They are offered very poor salary and deprived of basic needs of life. All these factors increase stress to nurses and deteriorate their physical, mental and financial condition. The nurses trained in Ontario can work in any part of the world, but the internationally trained nurse cannot work here as soon as they come here. At first glance this looks unpalatable and dominance of developed country over developing country and third world country. Here, the development in health care is very fast to keep the people healthy and provide faster recovery. So nurses will require keeping the pace with new technology and innovations. Nurses need to implement new health programs.Nurses need to work more independently. Nurses must be able to collaborate, the activities of the different disciplines for the patient’s benefit. Here, Nurses should be aware of consequences of ethical and legal issues, while treating the patient with their consent, relating nursing practice in the institute / hospital. (6. CNA). All these important information and knowledge are required before treating patients in Ontario. Above all, communication should also be fluent, to understand team members and patients. Because of these reasons, internationally trained nurses might not be able to work immediately, when they arrive here. Requirements for internationally trained nurse to be accepted in nursing profession They should be Canadian citizen, Permanent Resident or authorized under the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (Canada) and provide evidence of fluency in English / French. They should complete an acceptable nursing program, provide recent safe nursing practice, should successfully complete national nursing registration examination and provide registration or eligibility of registration in Ontario. They should provide Good character and clean criminal record from a Canadian Criminal Record. (7. CNO).Expenses to obtain Ontario Certification for internationally trained nurses Various Bridge Training programs are offered by Ontario government to internationally educated nursing professional to gain the knowledge and information needed to get license to do practise in Ontario. (8. Ontario Bridge Training). This study program is ranging between 2 to 4 semesters. The tuition fee for this study program is ranging between $ 12000 to $ 4400. After completion of this program they will have to pay,1. application fee,2. PLAR Fee,3. Examinatin fee,4,General class registration fee. The total comes $ 2457. 0. (9. CNO). These expenses are overwhelming for newcomers. Newcomers initially struggle to get the job to meet their daily expenses. How could they take care of expensive tuition fees and license fees with full time study? This system is very expensive for internationally trained nurse to get license and do the practise in Ontario.

Transgenesis and Selective Breeding free essay sample

The relation between humans and genetic manipulation is older than we think. Humans have been manipulating the transfer of genetic information between organisms for over 10. 000 years. The first experiences were with cultivation of grains and domestication of animals. The facilities that these methods bring in order to keep having the necessary stuff for our survival make the humans improve their techniques. Now, with the advances of science, we have some sophisticated ways to make easier get the most wanted kinds of livestock and plants. Selective breeding and transgenesis are examples of popular (and successful) processes involving genetic manipulation in the current context. Transgenic cows Nowadays, with the many abilities of the science, techniques are improving livestock. One of them is the ability to engineer and altered DNA from organisms. These organisms are termed Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and may be modified one of 3 ways: by alteration of existing gene, by deletion of existing gene or by addition of foreign genetic material. We will write a custom essay sample on Transgenesis and Selective Breeding or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The last one enables the GMO to express the trait coded by the new gene. These organisms are referred to as transgenic. The aims of transgenesis can be for specific economic traits or for disease models (animals genetically manipulated to exhibit disease symptoms so that effective treatment can be studied). The transgenic cows are an example of transgenic animals. As a transgenic animal, the transgenic cows have the extra gene (transgene) present in every  cell, but it’s only expressed in mammary tissue, making the transgenes protein only found and extracted from the cow’s milk. In New Zealand, the AgResearch have been successfully producing transgenic cows that make modified milk or produce therapeutic proteins to treat human diseases. Process Making a transgenic cow is a multi step process. Scientists who produce transgenic cows use a range of techniques including DNA cloning, restriction enzymes, ligation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), transformation, nuclear transfer and in vitro embryo production. In New Zealand, AgResearch have been doing diverse researches about transgenic cows. Now, with these, it is possible to simplify the technique to do transgenic cows in 7 steps:   Identification of trait First, the scientists make an analysis in order to solve problems and find the characteristics wanted in the transgenic animal. After decided the kind of livestock required, it is searched where it’s possible to find the transgene and how to align it logically. Step 2: Sourcing the transgene The desired gene sequence is extracted from the source organism’s DNA. The scientists obtain the sequence from a genomic library, that’s a collection of cloned segments of DNA containing at least one copy of every gene from a particular organism. The DNA product contains the organism’s entire DNA sequence, thus it is the desired trait plus the rest of the organism’s DNA. Step 3: Gene Isolation Once the gene has been indentified and located, the scientists need to remove the gene sequence from the rest of the DNA. With restriction enzymes, the DNA is cut leaving a bunch of pieces with varying lengths. One of which is the gene of interest. It will be with sticky ends in order to be easily glued back into a vector. This way, the transgene will have the specifically variant that is needed. Restriction Enzymes come from bacteria and are used as a defence mechanism. When viruses (or other bacteria) attack, bacteria kill them by cutting up in both strands of DNA, at a specific sequence, usually about 4-8 base pairs long. Step 4: Designing and constructing the gene After isolated, the transgene is made modifying parts of the gene. The gene construct is a unit of DNA that includes: A B C D A) A selectable marker gene: Usually an  antibiotic  resistance  gene. This is added in order to select cells that have successfully taken up the gene construct. A promoter sequence: A tissue-specific  promoter  sequence is used to correctly switched the start of expression from the  protein  in cells with appropriate tissue, for example, mammary cells in lactating cows. C) The desired gene D) A terminal sequence: A terminal sequence is needed to signal the cellular machinery that the end of the gene sequence has been reached. It all is connected with a ligation enzyme and mixed. This product is incubated in the water bath at 16 degrees for half an hour. Then, the scientists use the PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). Polymerase Chain Reaction is a technique that allows scientists to copy and multiply a piece of DNA millions of times. The DNA is heated to 98? C so that is separates into single strands and polymerase enzyme is added to synthesis new DNA strands from supplied nucleotides. Step 5: Transformation into bovine cells The gene construct is incorporated into the  genome  of a cow cell  using a technique called transformation. Transformation involves the delivery of a transgene into the nucleus of a recipient cell and integration into a chromosome so it can be passed onto offspring. Since cows have billions of cells, it would be impossible to insert a copy of the transgene into every cell, so tissue culture techniques must be used. Tissue culture is the technique of obtaining samples of tissue, growing it outside the body without a scaffold, and reapplying it A bovine cell line is cultured in an incubator. During the transformation, holes are made in the cell  membrane  allowing the DNA to enter. The holes can be made by applying an electrical pulse or by adding chemicals to the cells. Once inside the cell, the gene construct may enter the  nucleus and incorporate into the cell’s genome. That can be done either by using an actual stimulus that interferes with the membrane and allows for a short time for the DNA to enter a cell or just by chemical reactions reagents that again interfere with a membrane that surrounds the cell and then allows temporarily for a DNA molecule to enter. The recipient genome is exposed to the transgenes in hopes that a few of the transgenes will actually be integrated into that recipient genome and then properly expressed. This is a rarely case and that’s why the next step involves selection of cells expressing the transgene. There is also concern that transformation might indirectly after the expression of other genes because of the unpredictable integration of transgene resulting in a toxic phenotype. Transform a bovine cell line is necessary because inject the transgene directly into a cow will only change the somatic cells, and the aim is affect the gametes to pass onto the offspring. Step 6: Selecting for transgene positive cells To know if the gene has successfully incorporated, it is needed to screen the cells. The cells are transferred to a selective growth medium containing an antibiotic or chemical, depending on which selectable marker was used. After the antibiotic or chemical is added, the cells that haven’t taken up the transgene will die. The other will survive because they contain an antibiotic resistance gene, making them resistant. The survivors will divide and form a small colony of identical cells. Then, it’s involved Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to photocopier and runs off a whole lot of copies of the gene in order to visualize that the transgene is actually present. The two strands in the DNA double helix need to be separated in a denaturation, done by raising the temperature of the DNA solution. This causes the hydrogen bonds between the complementary DNA chains to break, and the two strands separate. Next, the temperature is lowered and an enzyme joins free DNA nucleotides together. The order in which these nucleotides are joined to the new strand is determined by the sequence of nucleotides in the original DNA strand which is being copied. The result is a double stranded DNA molecule which contains one newly made strand and one original strand. After, the newly created double helix is separated (by heating the solution) and the cycle is repeated. The cells are also tested by Southern Blotting, which includes DNA digestion, gel electrophoresis technique, blotting, probe labelling, hybridization washing and detection. To perform it, the bovine cell DNA is digested by restriction enzymes and run out on a gel. The DNA is denatured into single strand DNA and transferred to a piece of nylon membrane. Then a radioactive DNA probe is made containing the DNA sequence of the transgene of interest. The paper is rinsed with the probe, and if the probe is identical to any DNA sequence on the paper it will bind to it. Finally, the paper is exposed to X-ray film. A band or mark on the film indicates that the gene of interest is integrated into the bovine cell DNA. Step 7: Making a transgenic embryo using nuclear transfer and cloning Nuclear transfer is used to create a whole animal from a single transgenic bovine cell. The generation of a transgenic calf follows the same process as the generation of a cloned calf. Ovaries are collected from cows processed at the local abattoir. Eggs are removed from the ovaries and matured overnight in a special media. The nuclear material is then removed from the egg using a fine glass needle and a single cultured cell (carrying the transgene) is positioned against the cytoplasm of the egg (injection). The transgenic bovine cell is fused with a bovine oocyte (egg). An electrical pulse is applied to help fuse the cells. The reconstruct (egg + fused cell) is then chemically activated and placed into culture for development to begin. Once fused with the oocyte, the transgenic cell’s chromosomes are reprogrammed to direct development into an embryo. After 7 days, the transgenic embryo will become a blastocysts and will have about 150 cells, so they can be transferred into a  recipient  cow for further development to term. If the embryo develops to full term, after 9 months, the cow will give birth to a calf. To confirm that the calf is transgenic, scientists can check using: 1. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) – PCR can quickly establish whether the transgene is present or absent in the calf’s DNA. 2. Quantitative PCR (q-PCR) – q-PCR is to quantify how many copies of the transgene have been incorporated into the genome of the cell line. The q-PCR machine is a standard PCR but with the incorporation of a fluorescent dye that shows the amplification of the DNA product live on screen as the reaction carries out. 3. Fluorescence in-situ hybridisation (FISH) – FISH is a technique in which include take a biopsy from the animal, grow up cells back into culture, arrest them at metaphase and prepare some slides with those cells. With the slides is possible to probe where the transgene is in the chromosome  and visualize if it has integrated into more than one chromosome. 4. Analysing of protein expressed – When cows are two years old they may have their first calf, this way it is stimulated the lactation and milk production. At this point, the milk can be tested to determine whether transgenic proteins, like casein and myelin basic protein are present. Assuming the transgene has successfully integrated itself into the genome, it will be present in every cell of the animal that develops and will be passed on to following generations through regular sexual reproduction. Implications Interestingly, the creation of transgenic animals has resulted in a good turn of events. Transgenic technology holds great potential in many fields, including agriculture, medicine, and industry. The impact of transgenic animals reaches ecosystems, genetic biodiversity, health and survival of individuals, populations and evolution of populations. Some of the implications of the transgenic process are very important as: Impact over genetic biodiversity, health or survival of individuals and populations Improving livestock and animal health Transgenic technologies could be used to improve animal health by increasing  resistance to diseases. When technology using molecular biology was developed, it became possible to develop traits in animals in a shorter time and with more precision. In addition, scientists can improve the size of livestock genetically. Transgenesis can allow larger herds with specific traits. Improving food quality or making novel food products Improving the quantity or quality of the milk or meat from cows may be of value. For example, milk with extra casein requires less processing to make into cheese and will have increased calcium levels. AgResearch’s first  transgenic  cows had extra bovine kappa casein genes inserted in their  genome. This research proved to the scientists that transgenic technologies could be used to alter milk composition in cows. In the future, modified milk from transgenic cows could be used to benefit animal health, for example, by improving growth and survival of calves, prevent animal diseases, such as mastitis, make milk with human health benefits, assist milk processing into dairy products. Overseas milk or meat products from transgenic animals are not allowed to enter the animal orhuman food supply in New Zealand. Creating therapeutic proteins Transgenic cows can be used as ‘biofactories’ to produce human therapeutic   proteins. Therapeutic proteins are used to treat human diseases and they include hormones, antibodies, vaccines, growth factors and blood clotting factors. In June 2006, the first therapeutic  protein  made in a transgenic animal was approved for use in Europe and the USA. ATryn ®, a human antithrombin protein, is made in transgenic goats. The protein prevents blood clots in patients who don’t make their own version of this protein. Products such as insulin, growth hormone, and blood anti-clotting factors have already been obtained from the milk of transgenic cows too. Research is also underway to manufacture milk through transgenesis for treatment of debilitating diseases such as phenylketonuria (PKU), hereditary emphysema, and cystic fibrosis. The A. I. Virtanen Institute in Finland produced a calf with a gene that makes the substance that promotes the growth of red cells in humans. Scientists at AgResearch have generated transgenic cows that produce myelin basic protein (MBP) in their milk. MBP is part of the insulating layer that surrounds nerves. In patients with multiple sclerosis, this insulating layer is gradually destroyed, which prevents the nerves from communicating. Treatment with human MBP may help reduce symptoms of multiple sclerosis. Impact over ecosystems In New Zealand, to start a research as the transgenic cows by AgResearch, it is needed to follow strict guidelines for care and containment of the animals. Transgenic  cows are classed as new organisms and are regulated by the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms (HSNO) Act. The HSNO Act is overseen by the EPA, the Environmental Protection Agency. The EPA provides rules and regulations for introducing any hazardous substances or new organisms to New Zealand. Before any research can be done, an application must be made to  the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA). EPA evaluates the benefits and risks of any research and decides whether the work can begin. Anyone can make a submission on an application, which can support it, oppose it or support some parts and oppose others. Applications to EPA can be viewed on the EPA website. Environmental impact ERMA may place restrictions or require certain standards to be followed before giving approval for transgenic research work. For example, the transgenic cows at AgResearch are kept in a special containment facility at Ruakura with restricted access and environmental monitoring. Beyond, transgenic animals cannot leave the facility and the farmers must follow strict rules for waste disposal. The animal containment facility is monitored by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) New Zealand. All waste materials from the transgenic cow facility must be disposed of on site. Milk is treated by  fermentation, then diluted and sprayed over the pasture. After consultation with local Maori, it was agreed that all animal carcases would be buried on site. Impact over society Ethical frameworks Ethics is a crucial part of the nature of biotechnology. Transgenic animals can contain genes that would not normally arise through natural genetic variation. In New Zealand, transgenic technologies are highly regulated, with all genetically modified animals being kept in containment. However, using or adapting an animal raises issues about animal welfare, the environment, human health and wellbeing, and society. This issue may be viewed differently by different stakeholder groups according to their cultural, spiritual or religious beliefs and values. As part of the HSNO Act, scientists need to consult with Maori at a local and national level through meetings or  hui. Together, they consider the risks and benefits an application may pose to Maori  culture  or traditional relationships with ancestral lands, water, sites,  wahi tapu, valued  flora  and  fauna  or other  taonga. The ethics thinking tool must be used before any decision is made: Consequences  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ what are the benefits and risks? Rights and duties  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ what rights need to be protected and who is responsible for this? Autonomy  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ should individuals have the right to choose for themselves, or does one decision count for everyone? Virtue  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ what is the ‘good’ thing to do? Multiple perspectives  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ what perspectives do groups with other cultural, spiritual or religious views have? Ethical concerns must be addressed as the technology grows, including the issue of lab animal welfare. The research must consider all the factors and people involvement to this, never think in the individual but in the society. The future direction of transgenic research will be influenced by ongoing discussion and evaluation of ethical and societal issues that are raised. New Zealanders need to weigh up the risks and benefits associated with transgenic cows and decide what they consider to be acceptable. Selective breeding Selective breeding of animals is a selective mating to increase the possibility of obtaining certain characteristics in the animals in order to get better livestock. The type of mating selected depends on the goals. To produce the kinds of animal they want, breeders have to first understand the animal as a  species, then the animal as genetic individuals. Selective breeding use many techniques as outcrossing, linebreeding, inbreeding and hybrids. The more modern techniques involve a wide variety of laboratory methods, including embryo selection, artificial insemination, cloning and MOET. Traditional techniques: 1. Outcrossing – Mating two animals that are unrelated for at least 4 to 6  generations back is called an outcross. This method works best when the genetic  variation for a trait is high. 2. Linebreeding – Linebreeding involves mating related animals like half-brother/half-sister, cousins,  aunt/nephew,  and other more distant relationships. 3. Inbreeding – This breeding method involved mating directly related animals, like mother/son, father/daughter, and full brother/full sister (full siblings). This method is used generally to create uniformity and prepotency (the ability of this process to continue) and to force out latent weaknesses from the gene pool. First generation cross between two animals that belong to different breeds. Hybrid is process that occurs in nature, particularly in plants. However, humans have learned how to manipulate the genes in a similar way using the same principles. With increased rate of mutations, offspring are selected that contain the genetic variation that suites the desired need. Hybrids contain a unique number of chromosomes when compared to distant relatives of similar genomes. The hybrids then carry traits of both species. 5. Composite – Two hybrids of same breed-combination bred back to each other for generations. Modern techniques: 1. Embryo Selection – Embryo Selection is used to select the best embryos according the livestock wanted. Embryo Selection is crucial in horticulture and agriculture. Sex Selection: Sometimes, one gender tends to be preferred for a specific purpose. Sex selection is vital for the production of offspring. a. Females are useful in commercial purposes eg) ju, dairy cows b. Males that are able to breed with many females to pass on desired traits; expensive if the cows are inseminated. 2. Embryo Manipulation – Embryo Manipulation takes place not long after fertilisation and beginning of the zygote process of mitosis (morula stage). The new cells formed are called blastomeres and they are totipotent from the 4 to 8 cell stage. In this time, scientist can manipulate the embryo in order to get some desired characteristics. 3. Artificial Insemination – Artificial insemination is the artificial introduction of semen from a male with desirable traits into females of the species to produce pregnancy, and is useful because a far larger number of offspring can be produced than would be possible if the animals were traditionally bred. MOET is the production of multiple embryos from a female with desirable traits, which are then implanted in the wombs of other females of the same species. 5. Cloning – Cloning, an asexual method of reproduction, produces an individual with the same genetic material (DNA) as another individual. Animals have been cloned by three processes: embryo splitting, blastomere dispersal, and nuclear transfer. Nuclear transfer is most common and involves enucleating an ovum, or egg, with all the genetic material removed. Implications Selective breeding programmes have resulted in higher yields and better disease resistance. Ultimately, breeding goals are dictated by market demand; however, it is not easy to predict what consumers will want several years in advance. Although it is extremely effective, there are disadvantages to this method. One of these is that for animal breeding to be performed productively, a number of animals must be involved in the process. Another problem is that undesirable traits can also mistakenly be selected for. For this reason, too much inbreeding will produce sickly or unproductive stock, and at times it is useful to breed two entirely different strains with each other. The resulting offspring are usually extremely healthy; this is referred to as hybrid vigor. Usually hybrid vigor is only expressed for a generation or two, but crossbreeding is still a very effective means to combat some of the disadvantages of inbreeding. Another practical disadvantage to selective inbreeding is that the DNA of the parents is altered during the production of eggs and sperm. In order to make eggs and sperm, which are called gametes, a special kind of  cell division  occurs called  meiosis, in which cells divide so that each one has half the normal number of chromosomes (in humans, each sperm and egg contains 23 chromosomes). Before this division occurs, the two pairs of chromosomes wrap around each other, and a phenomenon known as crossing over takes place in which sections of one chromosome will be exchanged with sections of the other chromosome so that new combinations are generated. The problem with crossing over is that some unexpected results can occur. For instance, the offspring of a bull homozygous for two recessive but desirable traits and a cow with normal genes will all have one copy of each recessive gene. But when these offspring produce gametes, one recessive gene may migrate to a different chromosome, so that the two traits no longer appear in one  gamete. Since most genes work in complicity with others to produce a certain trait, this can make the process of animal breeding very slow, and it requires many generations before the desired traits are obtained—if ever. Conclusion The evolution of scientific methods has been contributed lot through time. In the agricultural and horticultural environment, the transgenic and selective breeding methods have been improved livestock and better animal/plant health. Beyond, the researchers can contribute in fields such as medic and industrial. The techniques in both processes stimulate knowledge and improve the technology, resulting in employment and better conditions to the future. However, transgenesis and selective breading involve the manipulation of the natural order, bringing a polemic topic.  But, if the scientists follow the ethic process and rules determinate by superior agencies, always thinking about the society over the individual, they may have good results, supporting the future generations. Therefore, all the opinions about the topic must be discussed and respected.

Addressing the Nurse Shortage

Addressing the Nurse Shortage Introduction The global healthcare system is gradually receiving substantial international concern, with the need to improve services to meet human healthcare demands augmenting.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Addressing the Nurse Shortage specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite having great developments in its current healthcare provision, challenges facing the systems have become eminent with the public becoming heavily concerned with issues affecting these systems. Service improvement has always depended on several factors, including the levels of expertise in the healthcare system, the financial stability of the respective systems as well as the human resources related factors, among others. Precisely, human resource factors have always formed a larger accountability of performance in organizations. In this context, recruitment and retention of healthcare providers, including both doctors and nurses are part of the critical worries for health care providers. Over the past three decades, concern has risen about the overwhelming aspects in the recruitment and retention of the healthcare workers with researchers identifying gradual shortage of the labor force in healthcares. Therefore, for this rationale, this essay seeks to provide a comprehensive plan for recruitment and retention of nursing staff. Background to the problem (Global perspective) The global focus on the imperativeness of the healthcare sector at the height of human health needs remains a hotly contested issue across the world, both in developed and developing nations.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For three consecutive decades, research has invested heavily on issues affecting the recruitment and retention of healthcare workers, with several challenges established in this context. According to Scanlon (20 01), medical experts and providers in the healthcare are reporting significant facts on the contemporary shortage of nurses, with increasingly complex of patients’ care needs across the globe. Based on this report, â€Å"while comprehensive data are lacking on the nature and extent of the shortage, research expect the situation to become more serious in the future as the aging of the population substantially increases the demand for nurses† (Scanlon, 2001, p. 2). The problem has extended from the past three decades and is currently stretching in all parts of the globe, regardless of the geographical positioning, the status of the economy or environment of a given state or nation. Situation in developed economies Focusing on the developed economies, the situation of recruitment and retention of healthcare workers, especially the nurses who are core to caring services in the healthcare, remains a contention in leading economies of the world. A current empirical evidence drawn from investigative studies undertaken in several parts of the United States of America have revealed considerable realities over the challenges facing recruitment and retention of healthcare employees. For instance, for the next twenty years, estimates reveal that the healthcare sector in the United States of America might have a shortage of about 400,000 Registered Nurses (RNs) below the required number (Perrine, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Addressing the Nurse Shortage specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Recent research, conducted in the USA in 2004, revealed that human-resource-related factors, including lack of motivation were eminently the most outstanding reasons associated with nurse understaffing. Others included nurse burnouts, low salaries/remunerations, lack of ample time with patients as well as other demographic characteristics. Primary demographics in the USA include gender, marital statu s and childlessness. The USA government has noticed this issue as among the most severe problems affecting the welfare and development of the nursing sector, with efforts in improving the healthcare systems and calls from different healthcare organizations calling for more sobriety and sanity in these sectors. A similar situation is eminent in the United Kingdom, Germany, China, and other parts of Europe with developed and developing economies suffering this menace. In Europe, employee recruitment and retention have augmented in the past two decades and the nursing sectors have felt the worst effect of this mayhem. Considerable empirical evidence has portrayed extensive correlation between nurse staffing and levels of performance in the healthcare system, especially nursing in the USA. Furthermore, â€Å"a recent Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) report to Congress found a direct relationship between nurse staffing levels in nursing homes and the quality of resident careà ¢â‚¬  (Scanlon, 2001, p. 5). This aspect forms a complete background to ascertain the contemporary issues affecting the entire globe.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Substantial empirical evidence is continuously reflecting on the augmenting shortage of healthcare employees in the USA for the past two decades and the problem might further surge depending on the predetermined conditions. Empirical studies, undertaken by several researchers pertaining to this problem around the USA in a decade ago, reveal considerable and reliable evidence on the prevailing situation. According to Hasmiller and Cozine (2006), throughout a number of decades, hospitals in the entire U.S. have consistently faced cyclical shortages of nurses especially in the year 2000 when an estimated number of 126,000 hospital nursing positions remained vacant. Subsequently, the trend commenced in 2004, when the hospitals witnessed approximately 4% drop in the number of nurses working in hospital from the initial 59% in the year 2000. Hasmiller and Cozine (2006) assert, â€Å"A broad set of factors related to recruitment and retention among them, fewer workers, an aging workforce, and unsatisfying work environments† (p. 268) are renowned contributive factors in this mayhem. Situation in developing nations The issues of recruitment and retention of healthcare employees, especially the nurses, remains a global controversy with its ramifications felt throughout the continuum of global healthcare stretching from developed to developing nations. Developing nations, including the entire Sub-Saharan Africa and other parts of the Asian continent have suffered from nurse staffing issues with the majority of them migrating from their countries in search of better labor remunerations. Arguments embedded in the research undertaken in developing nations indicate a considerable shift of carrier in healthcare sectors as well as complete migration from one country to another to explore better job opportunities. With the augmenting scarcity of healthcare workers, especially nurses, coupled with at least better remunerations in developed countries, job transfers are inc reasing from developed to developing nations. Anxiety is rising on how the two economies will manage the trend and as NGOs and government struggle to improve healthcare conditions in Africa and Asia, questions are rising on how they will curb the augmenting migration aspect. Research has cited nurse related factors as the reason behind poor healthcare provision in all economies, though developing economies are facing considerably more significant impact. A considerable amount of mortality and morbidity issues are directly relating to employment and retention of nurses with job satisfaction issues like wages, remunerations and salaries, as well as other underlying job factors in healthcare. Fatalities in the developing nations have sometimes associated with poor nursing practices attributed to factors relating to recruitment and retention of nurses. Hasmiller and Cozine (2006) stress, â€Å"Nurses are the largest group of health care professionals providing direct patient care in ho spitals and the quality of care for hospital patients strongly links to the performance of nursing staff â€Å"(p. 268). In fact, healthcare is an essential component in human life determining the quality of life, which no one should defy. The prevailing condition in developing nations seems to be gradually elevating depending on underlying economic conditions in each nation. Regional perspective (area of study) Regionally, the issue of nurse staffing, including the recruitment and retention of such professionals, remains compromised. The nursing staffing menace has and is increasingly becoming a mind seizing matter with its ramifications stretching from international paradigm to local and regional states in the U.S. Nurse recruitment and retention in the state of Tennessee in America has recently become a regionally debated issue with significant stakeholders in the healthcare sector, struggling to find possible remedies to avert the situation. Despite substantial efforts by the b oard of nursing and other dependent associations around the entire U.S. inclusive of the Tennessee to improve the state of healthcare systems through education, practice and licensure much remain anticipated. Since the emergence of the board of nurses in the early 1911, reforms and transformations undertaken have hardly managed to overcome the most vital issue of employment and retention of workers in the healthcare system. Healthcare system in the State of Tennessee suffers mostly from unprecedented nurse-patient ratio with the situation augmenting from each consecutive year, posing significant health hazards. Latest reports of the last two years documented by the incumbent board of nursing of State of Tennessee have revealed significant evidence on the underway problem, citing an increasing shortage of nursing staffs and escalating patient numbers as major healthcare concerns. The problem seems to have existed and augmenting each successive year for the past one decade as other re searchers acknowledged the issue since before. Scanlon (2001) postulates, â€Å"an important factor in the current shortage is the higher proportion of patients having more complex care needs, which increases the demand for nurses with training for specialty areas such as critical care and emergency departments† (p. 3). There is an influx in the populace the State of Tennessee in the past two decades with some of the available medical centers facing congestion from the demanding health care. Statistics indicate that the number of patients attended to by nurses is increasing with a ratio greater than the nurse population can manage to handle. Background of the Organization (AI medical Center) This study focused on drawing empirical evidence from a single organization to represent other organizations operating in the U.S. As reflected in the background, the study’s interest in the research problem is typically in the U.S. A1 Medical Center is the case of this study, whic h is essential to provide empirical evidence to the prevailing research problem. A1 Medical Center is a 188-bed medical and surgical center, which serves more than 52,000 emergency cases per year. It is renowned for its quality of emergency care, cardiac services, oncology services, orthopedic surgery, diabetic management, and obstetric services. The staff commits to a service culture of â€Å"I serve†¦with pleasure† with values of integrity, selflessness, exceptional patient-centered care quality, respect, visionary care, and overall excellence. The medical center focuses on hiring quality staff. Bound to this objectivity, nurses are always obligated to perform their duties diligently to ensure they meet the standards required to address the increasingly complex care needs. Currently, the high patient turnover in A1 Medical Center is threatening the ability of nurses to provide the quality care needed within the hospital. Nurses are forced to work extra hard with the nu mber of overtime working increasing consecutively. Problem Description As with many other medical centers, a key problem is the hiring and retention of medical staff and especially nurses. It is challenging to find nurses of the appropriate quality and quantity needed to provide patients with the level of care indicated by the company culture. The shortage of the nursing personnel forces the center’s management to ask the available nursing staff to work for long hours, coupled with making use of outside agency nurses to compensate for the shortage. This observation means that first; staff nurses are over-worked and second, outside agency nurses may not have the same commitment to the organization’s culture and values. Due to the biting shortage, the available staff and particularly nurses have to deal with an increasing workload in their places of work, which are also not conducive. Both those situations can have a negative effect on patient care and negatively influen ces the company’s budgets, since the per-hour cost of agency nurses and overtime nurses is higher than standard pay rates. Problem Statement The key problem is to identify a plan that will better the recruitment and retention of nursing staff both to improve overall patient care and to reduce budget costs. The Director of Nursing at A1 Medical Center has requested a plan to address these issues. The problem addresses three critical functional areas of the organization: management, economics (financial input), and human resources. In terms of management, the critical approach will be the creation of one or more nursing pools to allow nurses to be cross-trained to float among two or more departments, depending on need. The leadership portion will be addressed by establishing a process of daily rounds by leaders to inform them of needed resources and to encourage positive work environment and by providing training and support for transitioning to a transformational style of lead ership. The human resources aspect comes into play through active recruitment of quality staff and providing appropriate leadership training to improve overall leadership skills. Methodological approaches employed This study was simply an investigated report that followed all necessary approaches to ensure that the information contained does not portray any form of biasness or breach of respective laws governing research. To provide a comprehensive insight into the prevailing condition in A1 Medical Center, it was essential to acquire primary data to provide empirical evidence to the study. The research sought consent from the respective authorities before undertaking any investigative strategy in the study. The researcher sought prior permission to interrogate members of the organization, especially acquiescence from the top management officials, including the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and all the appropriate managers. The concession involved a permit letter from respective man agers before commencing with the study. Being a member of this medical center, which was the case study, I had reliable data to validate the research problem. I decided to find partners to assist in analyzing the problem and thus no need for questions and interview schedules since it was just direct conversation. Functional area attributing to the problem Organization’s management For one to understand better the confronting issue of recruitment and retention of employees, it is important to identify the functional areas, especially those related to internal matters of the company. Management has itself always affected the general operations of A1 Medical Center. Management in A1 Medical Center has been a critical issue in the past one year. Management has always been of good rapport with the subordinates and the only management factor that attributes to challenges in recruitment and retention of nurses in A1 Medical Center is policy-based, not leadership based. The prevailin g condition of work in A1 Medical Center and the increasing complexity in the Medicare is hampering the company’s ability to employ more nurses. Managers and directors in the hospital have always practiced good governance but have policy issues in the nursing field. Recruitment and retention of nurses in A1 Medical Center are suffering from policy-centered strategies that may assist in providing proper employment schedules. Organizational Economics The most important factor that affects organizational performance is the idea of how to manage economics. Economics in its broadest term means the science used to analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of either goods or services. Services form an integral part in the production and its contribution is measurable in terms of output provided by serving customers. Generally, economics has always been the key functional area in the success and development of all organizations. However, the most economics aspect affecti ng the recruitment and retention of nursing staff is the financial input. Financial instability of the A1 Medical Center is hampering its ability to recruit and retain nurses. The modern nursing generation has become more financially demanding than the traditional nurse professionals who seemed to view work as inherently valuable and thus more dedicated to their organizations. Perrine (2009) postulate, â€Å"A variety of factors, such as changes in social, economic, and public policy and shifts in society-wide attitudes influence the members of different generations† (p. 22). Recommended solution The augmenting nurse staffing menace is becoming a hotly contested issue at the helm of international healthcare environment, with a similar situation evident in A1 Medical Center. The nursing staff in this organization as stated in the problem statement is inadequate and the situation is simultaneously increasing from decade to another, a year to the other. As aforementioned, the sh ortage of nurses forces the center’s management to ask the nursing staff to work for long hours, coupled with making use of outside agency nurses to compensate for the shortage. Subsequently, the working conditions are deteriorating with fear surrounding the management on this overwhelming condition as nurses increasingly become impatient towards the management. Based on the prevailing condition, this is one of the reports needed by the management to make informed decisions on the recruitment and retention of nurses in A1 Medical Center. As the analytical review provided an analysis of the three different functional areas, recommendations on this study focused on the Human Resource Management, general organizational leadership and the financial sectors (economics). Recommendations on Human Resource Management Investing in research Research has been an indispensable component to the improvement of several sectors across the world with organizations realizing an existing proble m and seeking possible solutions towards averting such problems. In the contemporary world, the healthcare system has always relayed on research to examine critical issues affecting the system. Within the State of Tennessee and especially in A1 Medical Center, research has remained underutilized and thus some organizational factors remain unrealized. The Medical Center needs research to â€Å"explore, measure, and better define the relationship between nursing care and patient outcomes; to uncover why newly licensed nurses tend to leave a hospital after only a short time† (Hassmiller Cozine, 2006, p.271). Through research, the center will identify viable strategies for addressing nurse shortage. Providing Professional Training and practice Desperate situations call for desperate times and enhancing professional training is becoming a way of enhancing efficacy in all forms of organizations. In the situation where the current organizational financial status cannot accommodate the recurring expenses including wages, salaries and remunerations to improve nurse’s job satisfaction, it is essential for the organization to consider nurses professional training as an option. In respect to this aspect, professional nursing training and practice aids in improving the work efficiency among healthcare workers, which comes with a sense of job satisfaction as well. Hasmiller and Cozine (2006) refer to this aspect as transformation of hospital culture and states, â€Å" hospital nurses have difficult, demanding jobs; they need to feel inspired by their work and supported as professionals if optimal patient care is to be achieved† (p. 27). Professional training is one way of maximizing human resources in the sense that few people are capable of producing substantial outcomes in organization. Professional training and practice have proven significant in enhancing health workers competence in handling complicated conditions. One of the essential strategies that have proven imperative to improving the status of nurse profession and the organizational development as well is the establishment of training centers within the healthcare centers. Setting up professional institutions within the healthcare center will allow A1 Medical Center to expand its working capacity and reduce the number of nurses lost during post-studies. Several ambitious individuals capable of working with healthcare organizations across the State of Tennessee have lacked the opportunity to expend their knowledge due to financial constraints. â€Å"An important factor in the current shortage is the higher proportion of patients having more complex care needs, which increases the demand for nurses with training for specialty areas such as critical care and emergency departments† (Scanlon, 2001, p.17). To curb the growing shortage of nurses accurately in A1 Medical Center, the management on this organization must invest heavily in training new nurses as well as p roviding in-service professional training to the incumbent workforce. Improving wages and benefits there are diverse elements that propagate the eminent challenges that derail effective hiring process of nurses, including poor remuneration and the accompanying benefits. In the past, different researchers have pointed to motivational needs, and especially extrinsic motivational elements like material rewards, as the main driving forces behind successful retention of nurses. Salaries, remunerations, wages and other fringe benefits are core factors that determine the productivity of individual in any given organization. Human resource needs motivations through the well-cared environment as well as satisfactory job conditions that enhance the working morale of individuals in a given environment. â€Å"Low wages, few benefits, and difficult working conditions contribute to recruitment and retention problems for nurse aides† (Scanlon, 2001, p.8). It is essential for any organizatio n to understand that human capital is an important production aspect with financial resource factors equally contributing to the competency of workforce. A sustainable amount of physical resources achieved from an employer always acts as the source of hope and ambitiousness in employees and always increases individual competence and performance in the working environment. For the case of A1, a suitable plan improving employee’s wages and benefits must exist to help avert the nurse shortage that is threatening to subjugate the organization’s commitment in providing quality health care services. However, improving the wages and benefits of workers in A1 does not necessarily mean abnormal pay raise to the nurses. According to Hassmiller and Cozine (2006), â€Å"the morale of nurses employed directly by the hospital also might suffer when they work alongside agency nurses who earn higher wages and enjoy more flexible scheduling† (p.269). Therefore, despite the fact that it is apparent that attractive salaries and remunerations are solutions to stabilizing workforce through enhanced recruitment and retention plan, might attract problems within the labor force. Additional employee supports It is important for healthcare organizations to understand the imperativeness of supporting their staff in overcoming challenges related to their profession. In a bid to improve the recruitment and retention of nursing staff in A1 Medical Center, the management should acknowledge the importance of providing workers with additional support including improving the work environments, enhancing their professional skills and providing social support. For nurses to enhance their professional performance, the management needs to provide such support services as both material possession and social wellbeing of individuals affect their competence and performance. Firstly, A1 Medical Center may provide support in improving the work environment by enhancing the working f acilities. Another strategy under the provision of more employee support is to enhance the conventional work knowledge and other support services for nursing staff. Recommended implementation resources Physical resources For the recommended solutions to become effective, several physical resources are essential in the implementation of the recommended plan. Financial stamina of the company will determine if the implementation of the desired plan will finally become fruitful. The financial position of A1 Medical Center will determine the outcome of the proposed the implementation of the recommended plan in the sense that lack of proper financial capacity to accommodate the program will delay in addressing the nurse shortage. As postulated before, A1 Medical Center will require investing heavily in establishing a nurse-training facility, including a small institution, where new enrolled nurses can acquire basic knowledge in handling patients. Finance is a driver for every economic dev elopment across the globe and thus, it is imperative for A1 to consider their fiscal strength before carrying out the proposed plan. It will be appropriate for A1 medical center to find possible partnerships and financial sponsorship as means of providing financial solution to the implementation of the proposed plan. Human resource A properly planned plan can fail to work if the human resource available fails to undertake stringent measure to implement the plan skillfully. One of the renowned strategies frequently and successfully employed in the implementation of the proposed plan is setting up implementation committee and respective subcommittees. The effective implementation of the plan hinges on the commitment of the concerned committees. Any biasness or maliciousness between the implementation committee or in the subcommittees affects the quality of the implementation process. A1 Medical Center will need to set up a dedicated committee, including professional experts in the imp lementation of the plan. It will require the management of the organization to remain focused towards the implementation process to avoid further delays that may result from personal differences among the committee members. The Medical Center will have to develop a culture in researching as well as research institutes to ascertain issues affecting the organization. Long-term financial and organizational impact of the recommendation Future Financial Impact By A1 opting to address the nursing shortage through the provision of professional training and practice to the incumbent nurses, the organization will reduce the recruitment cost required to increase the labor force. Typically, it will become more economical for the company to increase the professionalism of workers and incur few salaries or wage costs than to increase the number of workforce with little skills. It sounds more economical to provide in-service training to workers who will further remain loyal to the organization on realizing the fringe benefits offered than to acquire voluminous workforce from outside the organization at much higher cost. More importantly, a strategy that involves setting up a nurse training facility seems to be a more appropriate long-term solution for A1 Medical Center. Training young and energetic workforce will enable the healthcare center to be more human-resource equipped than hiring or recruitment trained nurses. Despite ostensibly being a financial requiring project at its onset, the project will aid in reducing recruitment costs in the future. Future Organizational Impact The proposed plan is not a short-term running project and its ramifications might stretch to the foreseen future determination of the Medical Center. Investing in research is among the renowned global strategies that facilitate achievement of long-term organizational goals. Research in A1 Medical Center will aid in providing an enduring solution in the identification and analysis of problems affecti ng the medical center and other healthcare organizations as well. Setting up a research institute will, therefore, enable the organization to have a permanent solution in determining and solving organizational problems. Based on this report, setting up a nurse-training institute is another priority included in this recommendation. The institute will provide an everlasting solution to the nurse shortage in A1 Medical Center as it will enable the organization to produce its own workforce, thus, proving more competent in future. The salary and remuneration plan intended to provide a substantial reward scheme will enable the organization avoid miscellaneous expenses related to employees salaries and payment schemes. Conclusion Conclusively, the global focus on the imperativeness of the healthcare sector at the height of human health needs remains a hotly contested issue across the world, both in developed and developing nations. The stakeholders in the healthcare sector point to the div erse and sometimes complex patients’ needs as the factors that are responsible for the ever-increasing nursing shortage. A1 Medical Center is among the healthcare centers suffering from this menace. In an attempt to help avert this condition, this report recommended that the organization should invest heavily in research, develop a nurse training institution around the organization, and engage in providing nurses with professional training and practice that will eventually assist the organization in reducing the financial cost as well acting as an everlasting recruitment solution. In a bid to achieve the recommendations, the organization needs to increase their financial strength by either engaging in partnerships and other forms of sponsorships to help raise the needed amount to execute the plan. Reference List Hassmiller, S., Cozine, M. (2006). Addressing the nurse shortage to improve the quality of patient care. Health affairs, 25(1), 268-274. Perrine, J. (2009). Strategi es to boost RN retention. Web. Scanlon, W.J. (2001). Recruitment and Retention of Nurses and Nurse Aides is a Growing Concern. Web.

ENL 3 SP 2015 Blog Posts 2 Essay

ENL 3 SP 2015 Blog Posts 2 Essay ENL 3 SP 2015 Blog Posts 2 Essay Blog Posts Important Dates: Friday, 4/10 First Blog Post Due at 11:59 PM on SmartSite Friday, 5/1 Second Blog Post Due at 11:59 PM on SmartSite Friday, 5/22 Third Blog Post Due at 11:59 PM on SmartSite Thursday, 6/11 Optional Extra Credit Blog Post Due at 11:59 PM on SmartSite Word Count: Each post should be 500-700 words. Your Task: Over the course of the quarter, you will complete three blog posts on SmartSite. (You also have the option of doing one extra blog post for up to 10 extra credit points.) You can choose the topic of each post, but it must come from the list below. You don’t have to answer every question in the prompt- some will be more relevant than others depending on which text you choose to analyze- but your response should be detailed enough to prove a thesis. Whichever prompt you choose, focus on analyzing your chosen text, not simply describing or summarizing it. You may respond to the same prompt more than once as long as you choose a different text to analyze each time. Prompts: Choose an advertisement that involves at least one nonhuman animal and compose a blog post that analyzes this animal’s significance. For example, does the animal talk, walk upright, or take on other characteristics that are typically associated with human beings? Does the animal appear to have its own thoughts, feelings, or goals? Does the ad allude to any legends or literature where this animal figures prominently? Is there an obvious link between this animal and the product the ad is promoting? Why might the writers of this ad have chosen this particular animal (or species) to sell this product? What relationship do they assume their audience will have to the animal(s) in question? Choose a story, film, TV show, poem, or piece of music or visual art that does not come from the syllabus but includes a robot, animal, or other nonhuman entity. What is the significance of this animal or object? Is it a main character in the story? Is it mainly a background element? Is it a means of driving or facilitating a plot that mainly focuses on humans? (For example, is a dog just a way for two people to meet, or does it play a larger role?) What aspects of this animal or object seem to be most important or prominent? Does your chosen work seem to be promoting a particular way of looking at this animal or object? Does it ask us to see things from this entity’s perspective? Does it

Report global citizenship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Report global citizenship - Essay Example This is necessary because the textie industry faces the biggest criticism with regard to its environmental policies. The high resource consumption and waste management are the biggest criticism against the textile industyr. Cicadania would impose environmental regulations on itself by complying with ISO regulations.The ISO 1400 series specifically deal with enviromental management (Joshi, 34). This set of regulations requires Cicadania to plan, implement, control, monitor, review and improve environmental pratices. The process moves in a loop which has been represented below: organic cotton: The amount of water involved in the production of cotton is enormous and literally drains seas like the Aral sea. On average there is 10.000 liters of water needed per kilogram of cotton or 2500 liters per shirt or 8000 liters for a jeans. Therefor Cicadania is buying its cotton from China where only 6000 liters per kilo is needed. Recycled cotton and other materials: In order to further reduce the amount of new produced cotton, Cicadania engaged itself in introducing recycled cotton from used clothes and will introduce plastic fibres recycled from other plastics. Production electricity carbon neutral: through solar power panels placed on top of the manufacturing plant. In Brazil the amount of sunshine per year is sufficient to produce enough for day and night electricity. Extra electricity during the day flows into the net and at night the net gives back to the factory. transport: The efficient transport plan introduces smart packaging reducing the amount of plastics and cardboard and smart pile up will increase the amount of clothes to be shipped in one shipment of course reducing the amount of CO2 emitted per piece of clothing. The in store saving is a combination of both a set of mentality and small easy adaptations of the the store.The company would aim at creating eco friendly stores. These would paying attenion to the

Solar Power Sustainability UAE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Solar Power Sustainability UAE - Essay Example From the law of conservation, it is explicitly stated that energy is neither created nor destroyed. This law simply means that energy is bale to change the state, but it cannotbe destroyed. How to handle energy wastes is the key factor that calls for environmental protection. In Dubai and UAE, solar energy is a potential source of energy. It is because of the extreme hot climatic condition in United Arab Emirates, and the sun is always available. According to reports, UAE is the leading in cleaner energy production. Most countries rely on non-renewable sources of energy like the petroleum products, fossil fuels and trees (Goal#5). These non-renewable sources of energy are the leading contributors of the greenhouse gases that are affecting the environment at large through causing global warming and climate change. Also, the nonrenewable sources of energy are not sustainable because they can be depleted because of the increasing demand. Scientists say that the available fuel may not be able to support the future generation because the degree at which they are being exploited is higher than the rate at which the earth can generate more fossil. According to projections that have been done by experts, solar energy can help UAE to save billions of money. The DEWA, Dubai Electricity & Water Authority, has been supplying hydroelectric power to a population greater than, 600,000 citizens. Due to the increasing human population, the demand for power has risen and water source for energy is not able to supply enough electricity without rationing. Due to this power supply constraint, there was a proposal for shifting the energy source to solar energy. The solar energy supply was established in 2008, April with an objective of reducing the usage of other energy sources(Gordon, 2001). This project was geared towards supporting sustainability in harvesting natural resources from the environment. Basically,

Significance of John Brown and Harpers Ferry Essay Example for Free

Significance of John Brown and Harpers Ferry Essay Since the Battle of Fort Sumpter, three months later, the first major battle during the civil war began on July 21, 1861 which was called The First Battle of Bull Run in Manassas. During this major battle, General Irvin McDowell commanded the large Union army while General Pierre G.T. Beauregard commanded the Confederate army. The Union perceived that they would make a quick and swift victory with very little loss, but it was the opposite. At the time both sides had inexperienced soldiers. When this war was happening the hundred of Manassas citizens left their homes to watch the battle unfold. Cannons and muskets would be fired all over and some misfires would end up at the civilians homes. At the start the Union was able a push the Confederates back to Henry Hill, but they would have their comeback. Beauregard make a strong defensive line controlled by General Thomas J. Jackson. Jackson held his ground successfully and gained the name Stonewall Jackson. The Confederates were able to capture Union artillery and chose to counterattack the Union soldiers. But it quickly lashed back at them when Union forces on the hill came down and broke the Confederates line of defense, forcing his complete retreat of the Bull Run. Thus this was a victory for the Union. The result of the battle left bodys riddled in the battlefield. Thousands of wasted soldiers died in that battle and was the largest and bloodiest battle during the Civil War. Other than scaring the scaring the citizens who were watching the entire battle the government was also shocked at the outcomes of this battle. Both sides came to the belief that this Civil War was going to become longer and more deadly as it goes on. From looking back at the battle one can see that it was not going to end quickly or any time soon. It became clear that it would last longer than people thought and that there was going to be more struggle. It also brought to people a clear image of what war was like. Thought the Union gained heavy losses, soldiers all across the Union gained moral for this victory and that they won. This war has also brought to the Generals attention that most of their soldiers are inexperienced and need to be trained and prepared for future battles. Politicians in the North were outraged by the high losses resulting from the battle, which gained in favor for the south and gave them hope that the Confederate army could defeat the Union.

Jack Londons The Call of the Wild :: Call of the Wild Essays

Call of the Wild Where did man come from?  Ã‚   Scientists thought they had answered this simple yet complex question through Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.  Ã‚   According to him, living organisms evolved due to constant changing.  Ã‚   Organisms which gained an edge would reign, while those without would die.  Ã‚   Jack London's books during the late 1800's animated this theory through the use of wild animals in a struggle for survival.  Ã‚   In fact, many prove that to survive a species "must" have an edge.  Ã‚   In London's book the Call of the Wild, the harsh depiction of the Klondike wilderness proves that to survive life must adapt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   London uses Buck as his first character to justify his theory as he conforms well to the hostile North.  Ã‚   While at Judge Miller's, pampered Buck never worries about his next meal or shelter; yet while in the frozen Klondike he has death at his heels.  Ã‚   Until his body adapts to the strenuous toil of the reins, Buck needs more food than the other dogs.   He must steal food from his masters in order to conform.  Ã‚   If Buck continues his stealthy work he will survive.  Ã‚   A second example occurs when Thorton owns Buck, and Spitz, the lead dog, constantly watches the team in a dominant manner.  Ã‚   Buck, if insubordinate, runs the risk of death.  Ã‚   He lays low, learning Spitz's every tactic.  Ã‚   Buck adapts to circumstances until finally he strikes against Spitz in a fight for the dominant position.  Ã‚   By killing Spitz, he gains a supreme air, and in turn an adaptation against the law of the fang.  Ã‚   A third example surfaces during Buck's leadership.  Ã‚   The fledgling dog, to Francios and Perrault, cannot work up to par for the lead.  Ã‚   So Buck conducts himself as a master sled dog, reaching Francios and Perrault's goals, conforming to the team.   The group plows through snow reaching at least forty miles a day.  Ã‚   The dogs spend at most two weeks in the wild Klondike.  Ã‚   In a way Buck heightens the safety of each person and dog.  Ã‚   He adapts to the environment and new position.  Ã‚   Within the Call of the Wild, Buck must have a part to justify London's theory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the novel London uses Mercedes, Hal, and Charles, a group of very inexperienced and even less equipped city goers, to depict the probable doom of those who do not adapt.  Ã‚   While in Skagway the three have no idea what the Klondike holds.   The well dressed well fed team wants nothing but riches and fame.  Ã‚  Ã‚   In their effort for

Socio-Cultural Influences on Sexuality

â€Å"Sexuality is an important part of our lives†(King, 2012, p.1), and a reoccurring theme throughout our development. The role that sexuality plays in each of our lives is so important that we see its influence through multiple sources in life, including media and social culture. No matter where you look in society some sort of sexuality is present; whether walking in the mall, observing the family life, or watching teens socialize. What is it though that makes a sexually relationship healthy? Is it attraction, intimacy, love, or interactions with each other? Through this paper we will discuss all the aspects of socio-cultural influences on sexuality, as well as the healthy relationship. It was Rathus (1993) who told us â€Å"human sexuality is the way in which we experience and express ourselves as sexual beings.† It only makes sense that through our environment we learn what is appropriate or inappropriate behavior, even when talking about sex. History is flourished with studies on the affects of sexual experiences, and cultural influences. It was Freud who taught us that we begin our exploration of sex at an early age through psuedosexual stages (Rana, 1977). His second essay on Infantile Sexuality discussed the early childhood stages and perversions that affect all.(Rana, 1977) During this controversial time it is the parents who show young children how to act. Therefore, in a family that hugs and touches each other lovingly we should expect to see the children to do so as well. Children are known for mimicking or â€Å"parroting † behavior in which they attempt to learn the societal norms. With this as the basis of a child's development as a sexual being they should be off to a good start. Media Motivators and Sexual Education Unfortunately, parents are not the only influence on a child's development in sexuality. From magazine articles to movies we are surrounded by relationships, some are healthy and some are not. Sex†¦it sells! Or so the media likes to tell us. They post beautiful women half naked on every magazine add, television show, or movie; but it is not just the men who are targeted by such adds. Young girls want to be these women, because they are popular and what society tells us is beautiful. The headlines associated with these beautiful photos read â€Å"How to Make Him Want More Sex†Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"How to Make Him Orgasm†Ã¢â‚¬ , and lets not forget â€Å"A Newer, Sexier You for the New Year†.† Is this really how we want our children to learn about sex? Unfortunately, within American culture we see girls younger and younger having children, indicating sexual behavior before marriage. From these indications it is clear that media has the primary influence of sexual culture. Schools offer sexual education often at the young age of middle school in order to assist parents with this large task to right media's wrongs. Although schools focus their education on abstinence rather the safe sex and sexual diseases, some education is better then none or so they tell us. Smith et al.(2003, para 4) results showed that children's knowledge of sexual risks was low, especially in areas of vulnerability to HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. A sexual risk that controversially has received no attention is the psychological risk that sex can have on one. Without a healthy relationship a person often is left with guilty feelings, regret, and low self worth. This is definitely not the message portrayed through magazine articles. According to Okazaki (Feb. 2002, para 1), the Asian American population is not influenced highly by media motivators. Through her study of this ethnic group she found that because the Asian American population is characterized primarily through their cultural characteristics based on family, collective goals of individual wishes, emphasis on propriety and social codes; sex is reserved for marriage. Through their influences based on modesty there is an exceptional difference in premarital sex. However, her results also show that the more the Asian American culture comes acclimated to our society the more sexual behavior they exhibit. Sexual Gender Theories and Gender Roles Many of the sexual influenced are biased toward gender roles, a set of culturally specific norms concerning expected behaviors and attitudes based on sexual identity of male or female (King, 2012, p. 198). As Okazaki pointed out, in Asian American culture it is still viewed as acceptable for those of the male gender to experiment sexually before marriage, but females are considered delicate flowers not allowed to completely bloomed until matched in a marital pair (2002, para 2). Within the American culture our roles have relaxed some to allow females to experiment, but not until they are a ripe legal age. We allow our men to experiment early through touch (masturbation) and view it as acceptable, yet when little girls play with their bodies it nearly devastates us. Through our harsh reactions we teach the young to feel guilty and wrong about sexual explorations. Many gender roles of our time allow women to work and seek education before or during their motherhood years; changes from our earlier history of the American women. Although a woman may take on these â€Å"extracurricular activities† they are still expected to carry on the traditional chores of housework and child rearing. Men have less responsibility to be the primary breadwinner, yet this is traditionally still their main societal focus. Smith et al. (2003, para 4) research transcripts also put light to the different sexual roles for males and females. It showed females should be more culturally restrained, and males as less abstinent. Both sexes adolescents had strong views towards family importance in the influence of sexual behavior, something congruent across cultural barriers. Part of these gender roles associated with sex pertains to the two gender theories. The first gender theory is that of the sociocultural theory in which the differences are based on the culture in which they are raised; something that we discussed throughout the previous paragraphs. The evolutionary role puts the behavioral difference based on the pressures each sex deals with daily. For women it is that sex is for reproduction, so they seek out the optimal mate in which to love and settle down with. For men it is the attraction, risk taking, and competitiveness that draw them towards multiple mates. In this theory we see more of a discussion on the relationship view of sex, in which we discuss love, attraction, and intimacy. Young women are given pretty pictures of love associated with sex and happy ever after; however, as adults through experience we learn this is not the truth. Healthy relationships are those in which we can say at the end of the day that all experiences including sexual ones are positive (King, 2012, p. 298), this should be the thought we teach our adolescents. Sexual Dysfunction and Commercialized Sex Wilhelm Reich (Demeo, 1998, para 2) believed and proved that emotions and sexuality were directly related, and that there was energy in the libido. His work proved not only that the energy existed but also that sexual dysfunction was a product of emotional detachment due to traumatic event in ones life. Essentially Reich was able to correlate how emotions could play into ones sexual disorder and relate that to sexual crimes. He brought the study of sexual humanity to light, and sought to assist in curing those with sexual ailments. These were important advancements in the study of socio-cultural influences on sexuality as they began to show how our upbringing could negatively affect our sexual views and society. Over time our society has set to life rules and laws against sexually lude behavior, in which we could negatively influence the young. Some of these laws involved diminishing prostitution, limiting access to pornographic materials, and eliminate sex trafficking. From what we do, so shall our children do (author unknown). It is evident that adolescents seek to mimic the actions they see as popular. Movies, television, and magazines teach us to go forth into sexual exploration, and not to worry. The truth is a different story, and so our society must realize the need for change. We must foster education, modesty, and healthy sexual relationships in order to teach younger generations the impact of sexual interactions. We have the option as a society full of culture to choose whether we want generations of sexual dysfunction and violence, or love and sex.

Case Discussion: Learning Curve “B” †Assignment Essay

What do you estimate the buyer should pay per unit for the next 700 pieces assuming the supplier demonstrates a 75% learning curve? What if the learning rate is actually 85%? What do you estimate is the per unit cost of the next 700 pieces? 1.A:$178/unit at a 75% Learning Curve 212/unit at an 85% Learning Curve 2. Under what conditions can we use learning curves to estimate prices? In other words, when does the learning curve apply? 2. A:The Learning Curve is applicable when used for new products or processes that have a high potential for improvement, such as producing a technically complex item for the first time, or when an item has high direct-labor content. 3.Why can we use rough estimates when applying learning curves? 3. A:Assuming a reduction in time will follow a predictable pattern, and because it is predictable, we can develop estimates. 4.Why do manual processes experience greater learning curves than automated processes? 4. A:The worker has the ability to learn and improve through repetitive effort and increased efficiency. 5.Are there factors besides learning that can help reduce costs as volume increases? 5. A:Modifications to the production process; such as introducing new production methods, substituting increased automation for labor, or updating process technology.