Addressing the Nurse Shortage

Addressing the Nurse Shortage Introduction The global healthcare system is gradually receiving substantial international concern, with the need to improve services to meet human healthcare demands augmenting.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Addressing the Nurse Shortage specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite having great developments in its current healthcare provision, challenges facing the systems have become eminent with the public becoming heavily concerned with issues affecting these systems. Service improvement has always depended on several factors, including the levels of expertise in the healthcare system, the financial stability of the respective systems as well as the human resources related factors, among others. Precisely, human resource factors have always formed a larger accountability of performance in organizations. In this context, recruitment and retention of healthcare providers, including both doctors and nurses are part of the critical worries for health care providers. Over the past three decades, concern has risen about the overwhelming aspects in the recruitment and retention of the healthcare workers with researchers identifying gradual shortage of the labor force in healthcares. Therefore, for this rationale, this essay seeks to provide a comprehensive plan for recruitment and retention of nursing staff. Background to the problem (Global perspective) The global focus on the imperativeness of the healthcare sector at the height of human health needs remains a hotly contested issue across the world, both in developed and developing nations.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For three consecutive decades, research has invested heavily on issues affecting the recruitment and retention of healthcare workers, with several challenges established in this context. According to Scanlon (20 01), medical experts and providers in the healthcare are reporting significant facts on the contemporary shortage of nurses, with increasingly complex of patients’ care needs across the globe. Based on this report, â€Å"while comprehensive data are lacking on the nature and extent of the shortage, research expect the situation to become more serious in the future as the aging of the population substantially increases the demand for nurses† (Scanlon, 2001, p. 2). The problem has extended from the past three decades and is currently stretching in all parts of the globe, regardless of the geographical positioning, the status of the economy or environment of a given state or nation. Situation in developed economies Focusing on the developed economies, the situation of recruitment and retention of healthcare workers, especially the nurses who are core to caring services in the healthcare, remains a contention in leading economies of the world. A current empirical evidence drawn from investigative studies undertaken in several parts of the United States of America have revealed considerable realities over the challenges facing recruitment and retention of healthcare employees. For instance, for the next twenty years, estimates reveal that the healthcare sector in the United States of America might have a shortage of about 400,000 Registered Nurses (RNs) below the required number (Perrine, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Addressing the Nurse Shortage specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Recent research, conducted in the USA in 2004, revealed that human-resource-related factors, including lack of motivation were eminently the most outstanding reasons associated with nurse understaffing. Others included nurse burnouts, low salaries/remunerations, lack of ample time with patients as well as other demographic characteristics. Primary demographics in the USA include gender, marital statu s and childlessness. The USA government has noticed this issue as among the most severe problems affecting the welfare and development of the nursing sector, with efforts in improving the healthcare systems and calls from different healthcare organizations calling for more sobriety and sanity in these sectors. A similar situation is eminent in the United Kingdom, Germany, China, and other parts of Europe with developed and developing economies suffering this menace. In Europe, employee recruitment and retention have augmented in the past two decades and the nursing sectors have felt the worst effect of this mayhem. Considerable empirical evidence has portrayed extensive correlation between nurse staffing and levels of performance in the healthcare system, especially nursing in the USA. Furthermore, â€Å"a recent Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) report to Congress found a direct relationship between nurse staffing levels in nursing homes and the quality of resident careà ¢â‚¬  (Scanlon, 2001, p. 5). This aspect forms a complete background to ascertain the contemporary issues affecting the entire globe.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Substantial empirical evidence is continuously reflecting on the augmenting shortage of healthcare employees in the USA for the past two decades and the problem might further surge depending on the predetermined conditions. Empirical studies, undertaken by several researchers pertaining to this problem around the USA in a decade ago, reveal considerable and reliable evidence on the prevailing situation. According to Hasmiller and Cozine (2006), throughout a number of decades, hospitals in the entire U.S. have consistently faced cyclical shortages of nurses especially in the year 2000 when an estimated number of 126,000 hospital nursing positions remained vacant. Subsequently, the trend commenced in 2004, when the hospitals witnessed approximately 4% drop in the number of nurses working in hospital from the initial 59% in the year 2000. Hasmiller and Cozine (2006) assert, â€Å"A broad set of factors related to recruitment and retention among them, fewer workers, an aging workforce, and unsatisfying work environments† (p. 268) are renowned contributive factors in this mayhem. Situation in developing nations The issues of recruitment and retention of healthcare employees, especially the nurses, remains a global controversy with its ramifications felt throughout the continuum of global healthcare stretching from developed to developing nations. Developing nations, including the entire Sub-Saharan Africa and other parts of the Asian continent have suffered from nurse staffing issues with the majority of them migrating from their countries in search of better labor remunerations. Arguments embedded in the research undertaken in developing nations indicate a considerable shift of carrier in healthcare sectors as well as complete migration from one country to another to explore better job opportunities. With the augmenting scarcity of healthcare workers, especially nurses, coupled with at least better remunerations in developed countries, job transfers are inc reasing from developed to developing nations. Anxiety is rising on how the two economies will manage the trend and as NGOs and government struggle to improve healthcare conditions in Africa and Asia, questions are rising on how they will curb the augmenting migration aspect. Research has cited nurse related factors as the reason behind poor healthcare provision in all economies, though developing economies are facing considerably more significant impact. A considerable amount of mortality and morbidity issues are directly relating to employment and retention of nurses with job satisfaction issues like wages, remunerations and salaries, as well as other underlying job factors in healthcare. Fatalities in the developing nations have sometimes associated with poor nursing practices attributed to factors relating to recruitment and retention of nurses. Hasmiller and Cozine (2006) stress, â€Å"Nurses are the largest group of health care professionals providing direct patient care in ho spitals and the quality of care for hospital patients strongly links to the performance of nursing staff â€Å"(p. 268). In fact, healthcare is an essential component in human life determining the quality of life, which no one should defy. The prevailing condition in developing nations seems to be gradually elevating depending on underlying economic conditions in each nation. Regional perspective (area of study) Regionally, the issue of nurse staffing, including the recruitment and retention of such professionals, remains compromised. The nursing staffing menace has and is increasingly becoming a mind seizing matter with its ramifications stretching from international paradigm to local and regional states in the U.S. Nurse recruitment and retention in the state of Tennessee in America has recently become a regionally debated issue with significant stakeholders in the healthcare sector, struggling to find possible remedies to avert the situation. Despite substantial efforts by the b oard of nursing and other dependent associations around the entire U.S. inclusive of the Tennessee to improve the state of healthcare systems through education, practice and licensure much remain anticipated. Since the emergence of the board of nurses in the early 1911, reforms and transformations undertaken have hardly managed to overcome the most vital issue of employment and retention of workers in the healthcare system. Healthcare system in the State of Tennessee suffers mostly from unprecedented nurse-patient ratio with the situation augmenting from each consecutive year, posing significant health hazards. Latest reports of the last two years documented by the incumbent board of nursing of State of Tennessee have revealed significant evidence on the underway problem, citing an increasing shortage of nursing staffs and escalating patient numbers as major healthcare concerns. The problem seems to have existed and augmenting each successive year for the past one decade as other re searchers acknowledged the issue since before. Scanlon (2001) postulates, â€Å"an important factor in the current shortage is the higher proportion of patients having more complex care needs, which increases the demand for nurses with training for specialty areas such as critical care and emergency departments† (p. 3). There is an influx in the populace the State of Tennessee in the past two decades with some of the available medical centers facing congestion from the demanding health care. Statistics indicate that the number of patients attended to by nurses is increasing with a ratio greater than the nurse population can manage to handle. Background of the Organization (AI medical Center) This study focused on drawing empirical evidence from a single organization to represent other organizations operating in the U.S. As reflected in the background, the study’s interest in the research problem is typically in the U.S. A1 Medical Center is the case of this study, whic h is essential to provide empirical evidence to the prevailing research problem. A1 Medical Center is a 188-bed medical and surgical center, which serves more than 52,000 emergency cases per year. It is renowned for its quality of emergency care, cardiac services, oncology services, orthopedic surgery, diabetic management, and obstetric services. The staff commits to a service culture of â€Å"I serve†¦with pleasure† with values of integrity, selflessness, exceptional patient-centered care quality, respect, visionary care, and overall excellence. The medical center focuses on hiring quality staff. Bound to this objectivity, nurses are always obligated to perform their duties diligently to ensure they meet the standards required to address the increasingly complex care needs. Currently, the high patient turnover in A1 Medical Center is threatening the ability of nurses to provide the quality care needed within the hospital. Nurses are forced to work extra hard with the nu mber of overtime working increasing consecutively. Problem Description As with many other medical centers, a key problem is the hiring and retention of medical staff and especially nurses. It is challenging to find nurses of the appropriate quality and quantity needed to provide patients with the level of care indicated by the company culture. The shortage of the nursing personnel forces the center’s management to ask the available nursing staff to work for long hours, coupled with making use of outside agency nurses to compensate for the shortage. This observation means that first; staff nurses are over-worked and second, outside agency nurses may not have the same commitment to the organization’s culture and values. Due to the biting shortage, the available staff and particularly nurses have to deal with an increasing workload in their places of work, which are also not conducive. Both those situations can have a negative effect on patient care and negatively influen ces the company’s budgets, since the per-hour cost of agency nurses and overtime nurses is higher than standard pay rates. Problem Statement The key problem is to identify a plan that will better the recruitment and retention of nursing staff both to improve overall patient care and to reduce budget costs. The Director of Nursing at A1 Medical Center has requested a plan to address these issues. The problem addresses three critical functional areas of the organization: management, economics (financial input), and human resources. In terms of management, the critical approach will be the creation of one or more nursing pools to allow nurses to be cross-trained to float among two or more departments, depending on need. The leadership portion will be addressed by establishing a process of daily rounds by leaders to inform them of needed resources and to encourage positive work environment and by providing training and support for transitioning to a transformational style of lead ership. The human resources aspect comes into play through active recruitment of quality staff and providing appropriate leadership training to improve overall leadership skills. Methodological approaches employed This study was simply an investigated report that followed all necessary approaches to ensure that the information contained does not portray any form of biasness or breach of respective laws governing research. To provide a comprehensive insight into the prevailing condition in A1 Medical Center, it was essential to acquire primary data to provide empirical evidence to the study. The research sought consent from the respective authorities before undertaking any investigative strategy in the study. The researcher sought prior permission to interrogate members of the organization, especially acquiescence from the top management officials, including the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and all the appropriate managers. The concession involved a permit letter from respective man agers before commencing with the study. Being a member of this medical center, which was the case study, I had reliable data to validate the research problem. I decided to find partners to assist in analyzing the problem and thus no need for questions and interview schedules since it was just direct conversation. Functional area attributing to the problem Organization’s management For one to understand better the confronting issue of recruitment and retention of employees, it is important to identify the functional areas, especially those related to internal matters of the company. Management has itself always affected the general operations of A1 Medical Center. Management in A1 Medical Center has been a critical issue in the past one year. Management has always been of good rapport with the subordinates and the only management factor that attributes to challenges in recruitment and retention of nurses in A1 Medical Center is policy-based, not leadership based. The prevailin g condition of work in A1 Medical Center and the increasing complexity in the Medicare is hampering the company’s ability to employ more nurses. Managers and directors in the hospital have always practiced good governance but have policy issues in the nursing field. Recruitment and retention of nurses in A1 Medical Center are suffering from policy-centered strategies that may assist in providing proper employment schedules. Organizational Economics The most important factor that affects organizational performance is the idea of how to manage economics. Economics in its broadest term means the science used to analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of either goods or services. Services form an integral part in the production and its contribution is measurable in terms of output provided by serving customers. Generally, economics has always been the key functional area in the success and development of all organizations. However, the most economics aspect affecti ng the recruitment and retention of nursing staff is the financial input. Financial instability of the A1 Medical Center is hampering its ability to recruit and retain nurses. The modern nursing generation has become more financially demanding than the traditional nurse professionals who seemed to view work as inherently valuable and thus more dedicated to their organizations. Perrine (2009) postulate, â€Å"A variety of factors, such as changes in social, economic, and public policy and shifts in society-wide attitudes influence the members of different generations† (p. 22). Recommended solution The augmenting nurse staffing menace is becoming a hotly contested issue at the helm of international healthcare environment, with a similar situation evident in A1 Medical Center. The nursing staff in this organization as stated in the problem statement is inadequate and the situation is simultaneously increasing from decade to another, a year to the other. As aforementioned, the sh ortage of nurses forces the center’s management to ask the nursing staff to work for long hours, coupled with making use of outside agency nurses to compensate for the shortage. Subsequently, the working conditions are deteriorating with fear surrounding the management on this overwhelming condition as nurses increasingly become impatient towards the management. Based on the prevailing condition, this is one of the reports needed by the management to make informed decisions on the recruitment and retention of nurses in A1 Medical Center. As the analytical review provided an analysis of the three different functional areas, recommendations on this study focused on the Human Resource Management, general organizational leadership and the financial sectors (economics). Recommendations on Human Resource Management Investing in research Research has been an indispensable component to the improvement of several sectors across the world with organizations realizing an existing proble m and seeking possible solutions towards averting such problems. In the contemporary world, the healthcare system has always relayed on research to examine critical issues affecting the system. Within the State of Tennessee and especially in A1 Medical Center, research has remained underutilized and thus some organizational factors remain unrealized. The Medical Center needs research to â€Å"explore, measure, and better define the relationship between nursing care and patient outcomes; to uncover why newly licensed nurses tend to leave a hospital after only a short time† (Hassmiller Cozine, 2006, p.271). Through research, the center will identify viable strategies for addressing nurse shortage. Providing Professional Training and practice Desperate situations call for desperate times and enhancing professional training is becoming a way of enhancing efficacy in all forms of organizations. In the situation where the current organizational financial status cannot accommodate the recurring expenses including wages, salaries and remunerations to improve nurse’s job satisfaction, it is essential for the organization to consider nurses professional training as an option. In respect to this aspect, professional nursing training and practice aids in improving the work efficiency among healthcare workers, which comes with a sense of job satisfaction as well. Hasmiller and Cozine (2006) refer to this aspect as transformation of hospital culture and states, â€Å" hospital nurses have difficult, demanding jobs; they need to feel inspired by their work and supported as professionals if optimal patient care is to be achieved† (p. 27). Professional training is one way of maximizing human resources in the sense that few people are capable of producing substantial outcomes in organization. Professional training and practice have proven significant in enhancing health workers competence in handling complicated conditions. One of the essential strategies that have proven imperative to improving the status of nurse profession and the organizational development as well is the establishment of training centers within the healthcare centers. Setting up professional institutions within the healthcare center will allow A1 Medical Center to expand its working capacity and reduce the number of nurses lost during post-studies. Several ambitious individuals capable of working with healthcare organizations across the State of Tennessee have lacked the opportunity to expend their knowledge due to financial constraints. â€Å"An important factor in the current shortage is the higher proportion of patients having more complex care needs, which increases the demand for nurses with training for specialty areas such as critical care and emergency departments† (Scanlon, 2001, p.17). To curb the growing shortage of nurses accurately in A1 Medical Center, the management on this organization must invest heavily in training new nurses as well as p roviding in-service professional training to the incumbent workforce. Improving wages and benefits there are diverse elements that propagate the eminent challenges that derail effective hiring process of nurses, including poor remuneration and the accompanying benefits. In the past, different researchers have pointed to motivational needs, and especially extrinsic motivational elements like material rewards, as the main driving forces behind successful retention of nurses. Salaries, remunerations, wages and other fringe benefits are core factors that determine the productivity of individual in any given organization. Human resource needs motivations through the well-cared environment as well as satisfactory job conditions that enhance the working morale of individuals in a given environment. â€Å"Low wages, few benefits, and difficult working conditions contribute to recruitment and retention problems for nurse aides† (Scanlon, 2001, p.8). It is essential for any organizatio n to understand that human capital is an important production aspect with financial resource factors equally contributing to the competency of workforce. A sustainable amount of physical resources achieved from an employer always acts as the source of hope and ambitiousness in employees and always increases individual competence and performance in the working environment. For the case of A1, a suitable plan improving employee’s wages and benefits must exist to help avert the nurse shortage that is threatening to subjugate the organization’s commitment in providing quality health care services. However, improving the wages and benefits of workers in A1 does not necessarily mean abnormal pay raise to the nurses. According to Hassmiller and Cozine (2006), â€Å"the morale of nurses employed directly by the hospital also might suffer when they work alongside agency nurses who earn higher wages and enjoy more flexible scheduling† (p.269). Therefore, despite the fact that it is apparent that attractive salaries and remunerations are solutions to stabilizing workforce through enhanced recruitment and retention plan, might attract problems within the labor force. Additional employee supports It is important for healthcare organizations to understand the imperativeness of supporting their staff in overcoming challenges related to their profession. In a bid to improve the recruitment and retention of nursing staff in A1 Medical Center, the management should acknowledge the importance of providing workers with additional support including improving the work environments, enhancing their professional skills and providing social support. For nurses to enhance their professional performance, the management needs to provide such support services as both material possession and social wellbeing of individuals affect their competence and performance. Firstly, A1 Medical Center may provide support in improving the work environment by enhancing the working f acilities. Another strategy under the provision of more employee support is to enhance the conventional work knowledge and other support services for nursing staff. Recommended implementation resources Physical resources For the recommended solutions to become effective, several physical resources are essential in the implementation of the recommended plan. Financial stamina of the company will determine if the implementation of the desired plan will finally become fruitful. The financial position of A1 Medical Center will determine the outcome of the proposed the implementation of the recommended plan in the sense that lack of proper financial capacity to accommodate the program will delay in addressing the nurse shortage. As postulated before, A1 Medical Center will require investing heavily in establishing a nurse-training facility, including a small institution, where new enrolled nurses can acquire basic knowledge in handling patients. Finance is a driver for every economic dev elopment across the globe and thus, it is imperative for A1 to consider their fiscal strength before carrying out the proposed plan. It will be appropriate for A1 medical center to find possible partnerships and financial sponsorship as means of providing financial solution to the implementation of the proposed plan. Human resource A properly planned plan can fail to work if the human resource available fails to undertake stringent measure to implement the plan skillfully. One of the renowned strategies frequently and successfully employed in the implementation of the proposed plan is setting up implementation committee and respective subcommittees. The effective implementation of the plan hinges on the commitment of the concerned committees. Any biasness or maliciousness between the implementation committee or in the subcommittees affects the quality of the implementation process. A1 Medical Center will need to set up a dedicated committee, including professional experts in the imp lementation of the plan. It will require the management of the organization to remain focused towards the implementation process to avoid further delays that may result from personal differences among the committee members. The Medical Center will have to develop a culture in researching as well as research institutes to ascertain issues affecting the organization. Long-term financial and organizational impact of the recommendation Future Financial Impact By A1 opting to address the nursing shortage through the provision of professional training and practice to the incumbent nurses, the organization will reduce the recruitment cost required to increase the labor force. Typically, it will become more economical for the company to increase the professionalism of workers and incur few salaries or wage costs than to increase the number of workforce with little skills. It sounds more economical to provide in-service training to workers who will further remain loyal to the organization on realizing the fringe benefits offered than to acquire voluminous workforce from outside the organization at much higher cost. More importantly, a strategy that involves setting up a nurse training facility seems to be a more appropriate long-term solution for A1 Medical Center. Training young and energetic workforce will enable the healthcare center to be more human-resource equipped than hiring or recruitment trained nurses. Despite ostensibly being a financial requiring project at its onset, the project will aid in reducing recruitment costs in the future. Future Organizational Impact The proposed plan is not a short-term running project and its ramifications might stretch to the foreseen future determination of the Medical Center. Investing in research is among the renowned global strategies that facilitate achievement of long-term organizational goals. Research in A1 Medical Center will aid in providing an enduring solution in the identification and analysis of problems affecti ng the medical center and other healthcare organizations as well. Setting up a research institute will, therefore, enable the organization to have a permanent solution in determining and solving organizational problems. Based on this report, setting up a nurse-training institute is another priority included in this recommendation. The institute will provide an everlasting solution to the nurse shortage in A1 Medical Center as it will enable the organization to produce its own workforce, thus, proving more competent in future. The salary and remuneration plan intended to provide a substantial reward scheme will enable the organization avoid miscellaneous expenses related to employees salaries and payment schemes. Conclusion Conclusively, the global focus on the imperativeness of the healthcare sector at the height of human health needs remains a hotly contested issue across the world, both in developed and developing nations. The stakeholders in the healthcare sector point to the div erse and sometimes complex patients’ needs as the factors that are responsible for the ever-increasing nursing shortage. A1 Medical Center is among the healthcare centers suffering from this menace. In an attempt to help avert this condition, this report recommended that the organization should invest heavily in research, develop a nurse training institution around the organization, and engage in providing nurses with professional training and practice that will eventually assist the organization in reducing the financial cost as well acting as an everlasting recruitment solution. In a bid to achieve the recommendations, the organization needs to increase their financial strength by either engaging in partnerships and other forms of sponsorships to help raise the needed amount to execute the plan. Reference List Hassmiller, S., Cozine, M. (2006). Addressing the nurse shortage to improve the quality of patient care. Health affairs, 25(1), 268-274. Perrine, J. (2009). Strategi es to boost RN retention. Web. Scanlon, W.J. (2001). Recruitment and Retention of Nurses and Nurse Aides is a Growing Concern. Web.

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Significance of John Brown and Harpers Ferry Essay Since the Battle of Fort Sumpter, three months later, the first major battle during the civil war began on July 21, 1861 which was called The First Battle of Bull Run in Manassas. During this major battle, General Irvin McDowell commanded the large Union army while General Pierre G.T. Beauregard commanded the Confederate army. The Union perceived that they would make a quick and swift victory with very little loss, but it was the opposite. At the time both sides had inexperienced soldiers. When this war was happening the hundred of Manassas citizens left their homes to watch the battle unfold. Cannons and muskets would be fired all over and some misfires would end up at the civilians homes. At the start the Union was able a push the Confederates back to Henry Hill, but they would have their comeback. Beauregard make a strong defensive line controlled by General Thomas J. Jackson. Jackson held his ground successfully and gained the name Stonewall Jackson. The Confederates were able to capture Union artillery and chose to counterattack the Union soldiers. But it quickly lashed back at them when Union forces on the hill came down and broke the Confederates line of defense, forcing his complete retreat of the Bull Run. Thus this was a victory for the Union. The result of the battle left bodys riddled in the battlefield. Thousands of wasted soldiers died in that battle and was the largest and bloodiest battle during the Civil War. Other than scaring the scaring the citizens who were watching the entire battle the government was also shocked at the outcomes of this battle. Both sides came to the belief that this Civil War was going to become longer and more deadly as it goes on. From looking back at the battle one can see that it was not going to end quickly or any time soon. It became clear that it would last longer than people thought and that there was going to be more struggle. It also brought to people a clear image of what war was like. Thought the Union gained heavy losses, soldiers all across the Union gained moral for this victory and that they won. This war has also brought to the Generals attention that most of their soldiers are inexperienced and need to be trained and prepared for future battles. Politicians in the North were outraged by the high losses resulting from the battle, which gained in favor for the south and gave them hope that the Confederate army could defeat the Union.

Jack Londons The Call of the Wild :: Call of the Wild Essays

Call of the Wild Where did man come from?  Ã‚   Scientists thought they had answered this simple yet complex question through Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.  Ã‚   According to him, living organisms evolved due to constant changing.  Ã‚   Organisms which gained an edge would reign, while those without would die.  Ã‚   Jack London's books during the late 1800's animated this theory through the use of wild animals in a struggle for survival.  Ã‚   In fact, many prove that to survive a species "must" have an edge.  Ã‚   In London's book the Call of the Wild, the harsh depiction of the Klondike wilderness proves that to survive life must adapt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   London uses Buck as his first character to justify his theory as he conforms well to the hostile North.  Ã‚   While at Judge Miller's, pampered Buck never worries about his next meal or shelter; yet while in the frozen Klondike he has death at his heels.  Ã‚   Until his body adapts to the strenuous toil of the reins, Buck needs more food than the other dogs.   He must steal food from his masters in order to conform.  Ã‚   If Buck continues his stealthy work he will survive.  Ã‚   A second example occurs when Thorton owns Buck, and Spitz, the lead dog, constantly watches the team in a dominant manner.  Ã‚   Buck, if insubordinate, runs the risk of death.  Ã‚   He lays low, learning Spitz's every tactic.  Ã‚   Buck adapts to circumstances until finally he strikes against Spitz in a fight for the dominant position.  Ã‚   By killing Spitz, he gains a supreme air, and in turn an adaptation against the law of the fang.  Ã‚   A third example surfaces during Buck's leadership.  Ã‚   The fledgling dog, to Francios and Perrault, cannot work up to par for the lead.  Ã‚   So Buck conducts himself as a master sled dog, reaching Francios and Perrault's goals, conforming to the team.   The group plows through snow reaching at least forty miles a day.  Ã‚   The dogs spend at most two weeks in the wild Klondike.  Ã‚   In a way Buck heightens the safety of each person and dog.  Ã‚   He adapts to the environment and new position.  Ã‚   Within the Call of the Wild, Buck must have a part to justify London's theory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the novel London uses Mercedes, Hal, and Charles, a group of very inexperienced and even less equipped city goers, to depict the probable doom of those who do not adapt.  Ã‚   While in Skagway the three have no idea what the Klondike holds.   The well dressed well fed team wants nothing but riches and fame.  Ã‚  Ã‚   In their effort for

Socio-Cultural Influences on Sexuality

â€Å"Sexuality is an important part of our lives†(King, 2012, p.1), and a reoccurring theme throughout our development. The role that sexuality plays in each of our lives is so important that we see its influence through multiple sources in life, including media and social culture. No matter where you look in society some sort of sexuality is present; whether walking in the mall, observing the family life, or watching teens socialize. What is it though that makes a sexually relationship healthy? Is it attraction, intimacy, love, or interactions with each other? Through this paper we will discuss all the aspects of socio-cultural influences on sexuality, as well as the healthy relationship. It was Rathus (1993) who told us â€Å"human sexuality is the way in which we experience and express ourselves as sexual beings.† It only makes sense that through our environment we learn what is appropriate or inappropriate behavior, even when talking about sex. History is flourished with studies on the affects of sexual experiences, and cultural influences. It was Freud who taught us that we begin our exploration of sex at an early age through psuedosexual stages (Rana, 1977). His second essay on Infantile Sexuality discussed the early childhood stages and perversions that affect all.(Rana, 1977) During this controversial time it is the parents who show young children how to act. Therefore, in a family that hugs and touches each other lovingly we should expect to see the children to do so as well. Children are known for mimicking or â€Å"parroting † behavior in which they attempt to learn the societal norms. With this as the basis of a child's development as a sexual being they should be off to a good start. Media Motivators and Sexual Education Unfortunately, parents are not the only influence on a child's development in sexuality. From magazine articles to movies we are surrounded by relationships, some are healthy and some are not. Sex†¦it sells! Or so the media likes to tell us. They post beautiful women half naked on every magazine add, television show, or movie; but it is not just the men who are targeted by such adds. Young girls want to be these women, because they are popular and what society tells us is beautiful. The headlines associated with these beautiful photos read â€Å"How to Make Him Want More Sex†Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"How to Make Him Orgasm†Ã¢â‚¬ , and lets not forget â€Å"A Newer, Sexier You for the New Year†.† Is this really how we want our children to learn about sex? Unfortunately, within American culture we see girls younger and younger having children, indicating sexual behavior before marriage. From these indications it is clear that media has the primary influence of sexual culture. Schools offer sexual education often at the young age of middle school in order to assist parents with this large task to right media's wrongs. Although schools focus their education on abstinence rather the safe sex and sexual diseases, some education is better then none or so they tell us. Smith et al.(2003, para 4) results showed that children's knowledge of sexual risks was low, especially in areas of vulnerability to HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. A sexual risk that controversially has received no attention is the psychological risk that sex can have on one. Without a healthy relationship a person often is left with guilty feelings, regret, and low self worth. This is definitely not the message portrayed through magazine articles. According to Okazaki (Feb. 2002, para 1), the Asian American population is not influenced highly by media motivators. Through her study of this ethnic group she found that because the Asian American population is characterized primarily through their cultural characteristics based on family, collective goals of individual wishes, emphasis on propriety and social codes; sex is reserved for marriage. Through their influences based on modesty there is an exceptional difference in premarital sex. However, her results also show that the more the Asian American culture comes acclimated to our society the more sexual behavior they exhibit. Sexual Gender Theories and Gender Roles Many of the sexual influenced are biased toward gender roles, a set of culturally specific norms concerning expected behaviors and attitudes based on sexual identity of male or female (King, 2012, p. 198). As Okazaki pointed out, in Asian American culture it is still viewed as acceptable for those of the male gender to experiment sexually before marriage, but females are considered delicate flowers not allowed to completely bloomed until matched in a marital pair (2002, para 2). Within the American culture our roles have relaxed some to allow females to experiment, but not until they are a ripe legal age. We allow our men to experiment early through touch (masturbation) and view it as acceptable, yet when little girls play with their bodies it nearly devastates us. Through our harsh reactions we teach the young to feel guilty and wrong about sexual explorations. Many gender roles of our time allow women to work and seek education before or during their motherhood years; changes from our earlier history of the American women. Although a woman may take on these â€Å"extracurricular activities† they are still expected to carry on the traditional chores of housework and child rearing. Men have less responsibility to be the primary breadwinner, yet this is traditionally still their main societal focus. Smith et al. (2003, para 4) research transcripts also put light to the different sexual roles for males and females. It showed females should be more culturally restrained, and males as less abstinent. Both sexes adolescents had strong views towards family importance in the influence of sexual behavior, something congruent across cultural barriers. Part of these gender roles associated with sex pertains to the two gender theories. The first gender theory is that of the sociocultural theory in which the differences are based on the culture in which they are raised; something that we discussed throughout the previous paragraphs. The evolutionary role puts the behavioral difference based on the pressures each sex deals with daily. For women it is that sex is for reproduction, so they seek out the optimal mate in which to love and settle down with. For men it is the attraction, risk taking, and competitiveness that draw them towards multiple mates. In this theory we see more of a discussion on the relationship view of sex, in which we discuss love, attraction, and intimacy. Young women are given pretty pictures of love associated with sex and happy ever after; however, as adults through experience we learn this is not the truth. Healthy relationships are those in which we can say at the end of the day that all experiences including sexual ones are positive (King, 2012, p. 298), this should be the thought we teach our adolescents. Sexual Dysfunction and Commercialized Sex Wilhelm Reich (Demeo, 1998, para 2) believed and proved that emotions and sexuality were directly related, and that there was energy in the libido. His work proved not only that the energy existed but also that sexual dysfunction was a product of emotional detachment due to traumatic event in ones life. Essentially Reich was able to correlate how emotions could play into ones sexual disorder and relate that to sexual crimes. He brought the study of sexual humanity to light, and sought to assist in curing those with sexual ailments. These were important advancements in the study of socio-cultural influences on sexuality as they began to show how our upbringing could negatively affect our sexual views and society. Over time our society has set to life rules and laws against sexually lude behavior, in which we could negatively influence the young. Some of these laws involved diminishing prostitution, limiting access to pornographic materials, and eliminate sex trafficking. From what we do, so shall our children do (author unknown). It is evident that adolescents seek to mimic the actions they see as popular. Movies, television, and magazines teach us to go forth into sexual exploration, and not to worry. The truth is a different story, and so our society must realize the need for change. We must foster education, modesty, and healthy sexual relationships in order to teach younger generations the impact of sexual interactions. We have the option as a society full of culture to choose whether we want generations of sexual dysfunction and violence, or love and sex.

Case Discussion: Learning Curve “B” †Assignment Essay

What do you estimate the buyer should pay per unit for the next 700 pieces assuming the supplier demonstrates a 75% learning curve? What if the learning rate is actually 85%? What do you estimate is the per unit cost of the next 700 pieces? 1.A:$178/unit at a 75% Learning Curve 212/unit at an 85% Learning Curve 2. Under what conditions can we use learning curves to estimate prices? In other words, when does the learning curve apply? 2. A:The Learning Curve is applicable when used for new products or processes that have a high potential for improvement, such as producing a technically complex item for the first time, or when an item has high direct-labor content. 3.Why can we use rough estimates when applying learning curves? 3. A:Assuming a reduction in time will follow a predictable pattern, and because it is predictable, we can develop estimates. 4.Why do manual processes experience greater learning curves than automated processes? 4. A:The worker has the ability to learn and improve through repetitive effort and increased efficiency. 5.Are there factors besides learning that can help reduce costs as volume increases? 5. A:Modifications to the production process; such as introducing new production methods, substituting increased automation for labor, or updating process technology.

To What Extent Does the Ending of Othello Fulfil the Audience Essays

To What Extent Does the Ending of Othello Fulfil the Audience Essays To What Extent Does the Ending of Othello Fulfil the Audience Paper To What Extent Does the Ending of Othello Fulfil the Audience Paper To what extent does the ending of the play fulfill the audiences expectations of tragedy? As an audience, we have expectations as to how certain genres should operate guidelines as to how we envision situations should unfold in order for us to feel comfortable and/or satisfied with what we witness. Shakespearean Othello is a classical tragedy in which Othello, a noble and well respected general In the Venetian army, Is manipulated and thus corrupted by Ago, a malcontent scorned by his less significant position within society. The demise of the tragic hero is recognized wrought the manipulation of the antagonist we are introduced too man who at first appeared noble and strong, but as the play progresses falls victim to his own flaws. Aristotle poetics provide us with perhaps the most notable form of tragic structure. He states that tragedies draw upon three significant qualities; hubris, nemesis and catharsis. Hamster often a result of hubris, extreme pride Is the beginning of the play in which we are introduced to the respectable main character, as well as the tragic flaw which is to be his downfall. From this the character will proceed through nemesis, in which they will gain self knowledge and remorse for their fate, which cannot be undone. The hero should here suffer a reversal of fortune in which he experiences great suffering, resulting in his death. The principle of all of this is to evoke catharsis from the audience, a feeling of overwhelming emotion created by witnessing such a downfall of a character, ultimately ending with the audience feeling cleansed, comfortable with the knowledge that all witnessed situations may be resolved. There is some evidence of this principle throughout Othello, particularly thin Othello final monologue as he likens himself to the base Indian, who threw a pearl away, richer than all his tribe. This is a metaphor, epitomizing the statement that you do not know how precious something Is, until it seems It Is gone. It is at this time Othello reveals his anguish over his loss of Desman, as well as his regret of having murdered her without truly contemplating his actions. This reminds the audience of Othello humility and how even he, can be destroyed by even the most common of human emotions. Othello realization of his mistakes should, in practice, deem the admiration felt by the audience before his downfall, an essential factor for catharsis. However it could be argued that Othello use of metaphorical language to demonstrate his grief Is a way of distancing himself from the reality. It could be argued that Othello Is unwilling to accept responsibility for the murder of his love and is instead using language to manipulate the audience into lessening his accountability. This is evident as Othello states he has done the state some service, and they Knott it seems here that he is attempting to manipulate those present, ether smugly claiming that although he may have murdered, he has, in the past, fought for their lives and perhaps they owe it to him to dismiss the situation. I nurturing toneless Tall moments we are reluctance to ten noodle, unrolled man seen within earlier acts. His language begins to take on the romance of his earlier speech l have but an hour of love To spend with thee, we must obey the time reinstating the audiences original beliefs that Othello is indeed a man worthy of admiration, a man who doesnt conform to their ideological tragic hero, but who ay in fact be worthy of such a title. It is through the audiences recollection of Othello earlier mannerisms that catharsis is eventually evoked, particularly within the lines; I kissed thee ere I killed thee. No way but this, Killing myself to die upon a kiss The change in Othello speech is welcomed by the audience as whilst under Lagos influence, Othello language seemed to mimic his demise l would have him nine years a killing! His language here seemed chaotic; his sentences become fragmented as his language consists of considerably more obscenities. As well as this Othello begins to use bestial terms and imagery; O, I see that nose of yours, but not that Dog I shall throw it to At this point his speech appears much more suited to Lagos mouth, perhaps a conscious decision by Shakespeare the adaptation of Othello speech is merely a signifier, allowing the audience to fully comprehend the effect of the malcontents manipulation. Moreover, in portraying Othello in such a barbaric manner, the audience is able to engage with the protagonist as he finally recognizes his mistakes. In the softening of his lexis, Othello seems to express his remorse for the death of his fife and thus the audience feel comfortable antipathies with the character, however short-lived the empathy felt may be. The death or sacrifice of a hero is essential in regards to the structure of a tragic play, and so Othello suicide is pivotal in the success of the play within this genre. Often within tragedies death is used to resolve the crisis and to, in general terms, conclude the circumstances which have transpired throughout without death, Othello simply would not be a tragedy. However, the cowardly reasons surrounding the death of Othello perhaps his suicide was a quick escape teamed with the lack of explanation as to why these scenarios occurred, cause the audience to acknowledge a lack of pathos in regards to the tragic hero the death does not provide the closure it intends to and instead arouses slight confusion. This however, is not to be misconstrued; the death is in no way an anti-climax, the audience is satisfied with the fact that Othello is dead and is comfortable with the knowledge that the play has followed the course of which they expected; however this does not seem enough as the antagonist lives on. Many other of Shakespearean creations follow this same root the audience witness the downfall of the tragic hero and thus, eventually, his death. In Machete, Tort Instance, we wellness Nils meals, ten corruption Installed y e malcontent his wife, a character with many similarities to Ago and finally his death. However despite the wrong Macbeth commits, a sense of pity and sorrow is evoked from the audience, ultimately resulting with catharsis. The plot seems complete and we are quite content with the outcome. Othello, however, when compared with Macbeth, does not have this effect. The audience, I believe remain baffled by Othello disillusion regarding his actions, he remains true to his belief that he was motivated, not by revenge but out of a sense of Justice. He appears to believe he had committed an honorable murder and so is still unwilling to accept responsibility for the wrongful death of his wife, Desman. In addition to this, it is paramount within a tragedy for the tragic hero to be the protagonist. This structure is evident within Macbeth; however it seems here, as A. C Bradley said, that Othello is Ago in action. The audience feel closer to Ago; they feel hey understand him when other characters do not; the audience, perhaps due to his soliloquies, are fascinated by him. It is Ago the villain who is left standing at the very end of the play. Ago ends his role with, however little there may be of it, dignity. He chooses to never speak word and so he does not, unlike Othello whom instead opts to end his life. I would then argue that this prevents the play from truly inspiring the audience to feel admiration and commiseration towards Othello they do not know him in such a way they do the antagonist and they therefore are unable to aspect him in a way he, perhaps, deserves. However in contrast to this, I believe the audience is also left dissatisfied by Ago, as he refuses to provide both us and Othello with reasons for his actions; Demand me nothing. What you know, you know From this time forth I will never speak word Aristotle once said that tragedies should excite pity and terror, and although this statement may be true in relation to the plot of the play, I feel that Lagos refusal to enlighten the audience with the reasoning behind his behavior, means we are ended the chance to fully understand the situation and thus are unable to fully immerse ourselves in any emotion of which the both Ago and Othello position could evoke. It is disappointing to learn of Lagos lack of compassion. His language The lusty Moor Hath leaped into my seat; the thought whereof Doth, like a poisonous mineral, gnaw my inwards; and nothing can or shall content my soul till I am evened with him had conveyed such intense resentment, that we, as an audience, were excited, we languished the opportunity to learn more of Lagos bitterness. It was satisfying for the audience to assume that Lagos actions were committed due to his insecurities l am worth no worse a place regarding Nils Interior social standing. I Nils presumption In itself rouses pity, however as we learn of Lagos lack of reason behind his behavior, we are saddened not with empathy, but with disappointment at having received no opportunity to reinstate our belief in humanity. We are therefore unable to fully achieve catharsis. T S Eliot, said there has never been a more terrible exposure of universal human weakness than in Othello. I fully agree with this statement. His Jealousy, his passion, even his love aids in the murder of Desman and thus his own death. Philip Sydney claimed that in order for a play to succeed in the realms of tragedy, they must opponent up the greatest wounds and showed forth the ulcers That with the effects of admiration and commiseration, teacher the uncertainty of the world. This is clearly evident. Othello humanity his ability to love with such passion is exposed as his ulcer. As well as this the mere principle that these emotions have the ability to create such disastrous events, causes the audience to wonder at such uncertainties of the world. However in contrast to this, I argue that the play fails in evoking the admiration which is expected of the tragic hero. Othello language, as well as his suicide, could be interpreted as a lack of remorse for his deeds. This, teamed with the little knowledge the audience actually have of their supposed hero, makes it incredibly difficult for them to feel any sort of sincere emotion towards Othello, ultimately rendering him an outsider to the audience, as well to those around him. He is repeatedly portrayed throughout the play as a foreigner The Moor originally evoking sympathy from the audience. However, eventually, Othello fear of his foreign identity highlights his vulnerability and thus proves to be his undoing, not only with his comrades, but also the audience, as we are unable to provide the pathos needed for a satisfying ending. Therefore it is my understanding that although some of the audiences expectations of tragedy are realized; the ending of the play fails to culminate in the rush of emotion expected in tragedy the audience leave feeling disconcerted at the loss of a conclusion, anything but cleansed.

Word Choice Shall vs. Will - Proofeds Writing Tips

Word Choice Shall vs. Will - Proofeds Writing Tips Word Choice: Shall vs. Will The words â€Å"will† and â€Å"shall† can seem a bit confusing. After all, while there is a difference of sorts, they’re both used to express the future tense. Do we really need both, then? The short answer to that question is â€Å"not really.† We don’t really use â€Å"shall† in modern English. However, it is still useful to know the traditional distinction between these terms. Shall (First Person) Traditionally, â€Å"shall† was used to form the future tense in the first person. This means that we use â€Å"shall† with the first-person pronouns â€Å"I† and â€Å"we†: I shall take a walk along the beach after lunch. In modern English, we’d be more likely to say â€Å"I will†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in a sentence like this. However, in very formal or old-fashioned English, â€Å"shall† is technically the correct term to use. â€Å"Shall† can also be used to ask a question in the first person. For instance: Shall we go to the theater tonight? In modern English, though, we’d be more likely to say â€Å"Should we†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in this situation. Will (Second and Third Person) In the second and third person, â€Å"will† is the traditional term used to express the future tense: Will you be home in time for supper? He will miss his train if he doesn’t leave soon. The first sentence above is in the second person and uses the pronoun â€Å"you.† The other sentence is in the third person and uses â€Å"he† (other third-person pronouns include â€Å"she,† â€Å"it,† and â€Å"they†). Except for Emphasis! You know everything we’ve said above? Well, you need to reverse it completely if you’re being emphatic! â€Å"Emphatic† here means making a forceful point. The most famous example of this is from Cinderella, where the Fairy Godmother tells the titular character: You shall go to the ball! Here, we see â€Å"shall† combined with the second-person pronoun â€Å"you.† This is because the Fairy Godmother was being emphatic. This is quite rare, but it is worth remembering in some cases. Cinders: Its a bit small, isnt it?Fairy Godmother: Look, you SHALL go to the ball. Even if I have to force you into my tiny pumpkin carriage. Will or Shall? In around 99.9% of cases, â€Å"will† is correct in modern American English. We simply don’t make the same distinction between â€Å"will† and â€Å"shall† as we used to. The only time you will need to use â€Å"shall† is if you’re being very formal. Probably the most common example of this is legal writing. Nevertheless, it is worth knowing the difference between the traditional uses of these terms. It can be helpful, for example, when you come across â€Å"shall† used in old-fashioned writing. So remember: Shall = First person Will = Second and third person

What roles do religions play in Appiahs analysis Essay

What roles do religions play in Appiahs analysis - Essay Example Known to be one of the oldest institutions in the world, the Catholic Church is rich with traditions and beliefs seen through the eyes of devotees. The Catholic Church requires parishioners to attend mass every Sunday and holy days of obligations, such as Christmas, Easter, and Ash Wednesday, among others. We observe a Lenten season which depicts the sacred passion of Jesus Christ. This is a one week celebration of the passion and death of Jesus which culminates on the Good Friday and his resurrection on Easter Sunday.Another important event is during Advent (the coming of Jesus Christ) which is during Christmas season, depicting the birth of Jesus. This is a happy event which is being anticipated mostly by children. Church services include novena masses at dawn for nine consecutive days ending on December 24. Then, at midnight, Catholic devotees celebrate the midnight mass commemorating the birth of Jesus. All family members gather together after the mass to share a midnight meal an d open gifts given by family members.Devotees of the Catholic religion are also encouraged to confess their sins at least once a year, receive the Eucharist during Holy Communion at least once during Easter season, observe the prescribed days of fasting and of abstinence as established by the Church, and also help provide for the Church's needs. It is my contention that religion is a personal expression of one’s values and beliefs as has been accepted to be part of one’s identity and way of life.

Document Analysis Pravda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Document Analysis Pravda - Essay Example We can easily understand that the article is being vague on purpose not to bring any suspicions to the reader regarding the rising conflict between the two nations. What is also very surprising is that the paper does not seem to have been written by a very talented journalist and was certainly not on the front pages of the newspapers. It is one of the characteristics of the Pravda, often isolating important news to small columns at the end of the newspaper. As we stated earlier the article is vague on purpose. We should be struck not by the details but actually by the lack of details of what should be an important piece of news. No names are quoted, no declarations from any political figure - neither Russian nor German. The opening statement is a disproval of any negotiations between the USSR and Germany but no fact is given to prove this statement. As in the entire article, we have to believe the author's words even if he doesn't give us any piece of information or evidence. The article is built just to persuade the reader that nothing is happening. Opening statement made as a disproval, explanation of the movement of the German troops and a closing sentence reassuring that both of the countries are observing the non-aggression pact.